beta

beta

1. Second letter of the Greek alphabet, beta. 2. In chemistry, denotes the second in a series, the second carbon from a functional (e.g., carboxylic) group, or the direction of a chemical bond toward the viewer. For terms having this prefix, see the specific term.

beta+ beta⁺

Symbol for positron.

B B

1. Symbol for boron; for aspartic acid or asparagine when it is unclear which of the two amino acids is present; for bromouridine; second substrate in a multisubstrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction. 2. As a subscript, refers to barometric pressure.

b b

1. As a subscript, refers to blood. 2. Abbreviation for bis [L], twice.

Ba Ba

Symbol for barium.

Babbitt Babbitt

Isaac, U.S. inventor, 1799-1862. See B. metal.

Babcock Babcock

Stephen M., U.S. chemist, 1843-1931. See B. tube.

Babès Babès

Victor, Roumanian bacteriologist, 1854-1926. See Babesia; B.'s nodes, under node; B.-Ernst bodies, under body.

Babesia Babesia (ba-be´ze-a)

The economically most important genus of the family Babesiidae; characterized by multiplication in host red blood cells to form pairs and tetrads; it causes babesiosis (piroplasmosis) in most types of domestic animals, and two species cause disease in splenectomized or normal people; vectors are ixodid or argasid ticks. [V. Babès]
B. argenti´na B. bovis
B. ber´bera B. bovis
B. bigem´ina species that is a cause of bovine babesiosis, transmitted by Boophilus ticks.
B. bo´vis a species that is a cause of bovine babesiosis; this parasite is smaller than B. bigemina and is transmitted by ticks of the genus Boophilus.B. argentina, B. berbera;
B. cabal´li species that is a cause of equine babesiosis in many parts of the world, including the southeastern U.S.; vector ticks are species of Dermacentor, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus.
B. ca´nis species found in dogs, wolves, and jackals in many tropical and subtropical areas of the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa; it is most pathogenic in dogs, causing mild to severe canine babesiosis, the severest disease occurring in dogs imported into areas where the disease is enzootic; the most important vector is Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
B. diver´gens commonest species of Babesia in western and central Europe, causing a disease of cattle similar to that produced by B. bovis; vector tick is Ixodes ricinus; it has caused human babesiosis in splenectomized individuals in France, Ireland, Scotland, Croatia, Georgia, a part of the former Soviet Union, and Sweden; also found in reindeer.
B. e´qui species that occurs in horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras; it has a geographic distribution similar to that of B. caballi, but is smaller and more pathogenic, causing equine babesiosis.
B. fe´lis species found in domestic and wild members of the cat family, chiefly in Africa and India, causing babesiosis less severe than that caused by B. canis.
B. gibso´ni species that infects dogs, wolves, and jackals, chiefly in India, Sri Lanka, and China, and is smaller than B. canis; only slightly pathogenic for the natural host, the jackal, but highly pathogenic in the dog.
B. micro´ti a malaria-like protozoan naturally parasitizing certain rodents (Peromyscus and Microtus spp.) in North America; a number of human cases have been reported from Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard islands and nearby coastal New England. The local tick vector is Ixodes dammini, whose numbers and infection levels have greatly increased in recent years with the increase in the deer population, which serves as an abundant blood source for I. dammini. See also Borrelia burgdorferi.
B. mota´si species that causes acute or chronic disease of sheep and goats in southern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the area formerly known as the U.S.S.R., and other areas; transmitted by ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis, and Dermacentor.
B. o´vis species described from sheep and goats in many tropical and subtropical areas of the eastern hemisphere as a cause of icterohematuria; it is smaller and less pathogenic than B. motasi, and immunologically distinct.
B. trautman´ni species that causes mild or fatal babesiosis in pigs in southern Europe, the area formerly known as the U.S.S.R., and Africa; the vector is Rhipicephalus sanguineus.

Babesiella Babesiella (ba-be-ze-el´a)

See Babesia.

Babesiidae Babesiidae (ba´be-zI´i-de, -ze´i-de)

A family of protozoan parasites (class Sporozoea, order Piroplasmida) occurring in the red blood cells of various mammals. The organisms are piriform, round, or oval in shape and reproduce by schizogony to form tetrads or by binary fission to form pairs in the red blood cells; transmission is effected by ticks. The family includes the genera Babesia, Echinozoon, and Entopolypoides; Aegyptianella, formerly included, is now thought to be a rickettsia. See also Theileriidae.

babesiosis babesiosis (ba-be´ze-o´sis)

A disease caused by infection with a species of Babesia, the infection being transmitted by ticks. In animals, the disease is characterized by fever, malaise, listlessness, severe anemia, and hemoglobulinuria; the death rate frequently is higher in adult than in young animals.piroplasmosis;
bovine b. an infectious disease of cattle caused by Babesia species and transmitted by ticks.bovine hemoglobinuria, redwater fever (1), Texas fever, tick fever (3);
canine b. malignant fever in dogs caused by Babesia species.
equine b. a disease of horses caused by species of Babesia and characterized by high fever, icterus, and enlargement of the spleen and lymph nodes.biliary fever of horses, equine biliary fever;
human b. a rare human disease caused by infection with Babesia species (most frequently B. divergens in Europe and B. microti in the U.S.) that has been fatal in some splenectomized individuals.

Babinski Babinski

Joseph F., French neurologist, 1857-1932. See B.'s phenomenon, sign; B. reflex; B.'s syndrome.

baby baby (ba´be)

An infant; a newborn child.
blue b. a child born cyanotic because of a congenital cardiac or pulmonary defect causing incomplete oxygenation of the blood.
blueberry muffin b. jaundice and purpura, especially of the face in the newborn, which may result from intrauterine viral infection.
collodion b. [MIM*146600] a newborn child with lamellar ichthyosis; at birth, the skin is bright red, shiny, translucent, and drawn tight, giving a distorted appearance (as if having been painted with collodion) of immobilization of the face; contraction of the skin causes ectropion, a pressed down appearance of the nose, and a gaping of the mouth and the labia; autosomal dominant inheritance.
test-tube b. popular term for a b. born after uterine implantation of a maternal ovum fertilized in vitro.

bacampicillin hydrochloride bacampicillin hydrochloride (bak´am-pi-sil´in)

1-(Ethoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl(6R)-6-(a-d-phenylglycylamino)penicillanate hydrochloride;a semisynthetic penicillin with the same activity and uses as ampicillin, but better absorbed on oral administration.

baccate baccate (bak´at)

Berry-like. [L. bacca, berry]

Baccelli Baccelli

Guido, Italian physician, 1832-1916. See B.'s sign.

bacciform bacciform (bak´sI-form)

Berry-shaped. [L. bacca, berry]

Bachman Bachman

George W., U.S. parasitologist, *1890. See B.-Pettit test.

Bachmann Bachmann

Jean George, U.S. physiologist, 1877-1959. See B.'s bundle.

Bachmann Bachmann

See Rivinus.

Bacillaceae Bacillaceae (ba-si-la´se-e)

A family of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, sporeforming, ordinarily motile bacteria (order Eubacteriales) containing Gram-positive rods. These organisms are chemoheterotrophic. Some species are pathogenic. Ordinarily two genera, Bacillus and Clostridium, are included. The type genus is Bacillus.

bacillar bacillar , bacillary (bas´i-lar, bas´i-la-re)

Shaped like a rod; consisting of rods or rodlike elements.

Bacille bilié de Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Bacille bilié de Calmette-Guérin (BCG) , Bacille Calmette-Guérin (bah-sel´ bi-le-a)

An attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis used in the preparation of BCG vaccine that is used for immunization against tuberculosis and in cancer chemotherapy.Calmette-Guérin bacillus; [Fr.]

bacillemia bacillemia (bas-i-le´me-a)

The presence of rod-shaped bacteria in the circulating blood. [bacillus + G. haima, blood]

bacilli bacilli (ba-sil´I)

Plural of bacillus.

bacilliform bacilliform (ba-sil´i-form)

Rod-shaped. [L. bacillus, a rod, + forma, form]

bacillin bacillin (ba-sil´in)

An antibiotic substance produced by Bacillus subtilis.

bacillomyxin bacillomyxin (ba-sil-o-mik´sin)

An antibiotic active against certain pathogenic fungi obtained from cultures of Bacillus subtilis. [Bacillus + G. mykes, fungus, + -in]

bacillosis bacillosis (bas-i-lo´sis)

A general infection with bacilli.

bacilluria bacilluria (bas-i-lu´re-a)

The presence of bacilli in the urine. [bacillus + G. ouron, urine]

Bacillus Bacillus (ba-sil´us)

A genus of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, sporeforming, ordinarily motile bacteria (family Bacillaceae) containing Gram-positive rods. Motile cells are peritrichous. These organisms are chemoheterotrophic. They are found primarily in soil. A few species are animal pathogens; some species produce antibodies. The type species is B. subtilis. [L. dim. of baculus, rod, staff]
B. amyloliquefa´ciens a highly amylolytic species of soil bacteria that produces subtilisin.
B. an´thracis a species that causes anthrax in man, cattle, swine, sheep, rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice.
B. bre´vis a species found in soil, air, dust, milk, and cheese; some strains produce the antibiotic gramicidin or tyrocidin.
B. ce´reus a species that causes an emetic type and a diarrheal type of food poisoning in humans, and can cause infections in humans and other mammals.
B. hemoly´ticus former name for Clostridium haemolyticum.
B. histoly´ticus former name for Clostridium histolyticum.
B. megate´rium a saprophytic species of experimental interest; strains produce bacteriocins (megacins).
B. piliformis a species causing Tyzzer's disease in animals.
B. polymyx´a a species found in soil, water, milk, feces, and decaying vegetables; some strains produce the antibiotic polymyxin.
B. sphae´ricus a species that is an insect pathogen and that has been associated with human and other mammalian infections, especially in compromised hosts.
B. subti´lis a species found in soil and decomposing organic matter; some strains produce the antibiotic subtilin, subtenolin, or bacillomycin; it is the type species of the genus B.grass bacillus, hay bacillus;
B. thuringien´sis a species that is an insect pathogen and that has been implicated in human and mammalian infections.

bacillus bacillus, pl. bacilli (ba-sil´us, -I)

1. A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Bacillus. 2. Term formerly used to refer to any rod-shaped bacterium. [L. dim. of baculus, a rod, staff]
Abel's b. Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae See Klebsiella ozaenae.
abortus b. Brucella abortus
acne b. Propionibacterium acnes
Bang's b. Brucella abortus
Battey b. Mycobacterium intracellulare [Battey hospital in Rome, GA]
blue pus b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Bordet-Gengou b. Bordetella pertussis
Calmette-Guérin b. Bacille bilié de Calmette-Guérin
cholera b. Vibrio cholerae
coliform bacilli (ko´li-form, kol´i-form) common name for Escherichia coli that is used as an indicator of fecal contamination of water, measured in terms of coliform count. Occasionally used to refer to all lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria.
colon b. Escherichia coli
comma b. Vibrio cholerae
Döderlein's b. a large, Gram-positive bacterium occurring in normal vaginal secretions; although thought by some to be identical with Lactobacillus acidophilus, the identity of Döderlein's b. is still doubtful.
Ducrey's b. Haemophilus ducreyi
dysentery b. an organism of the genus Shigella which causes dysentery.
Eberth's b. Salmonella typhi
Flexner's b. Shigella flexneri
Friedländer's b. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Gärtner's b. Salmonella enteritidis
gas b. Clostridium perfringens
Ghon-Sachs b. Clostridium septicum
glanders b. Pseudomonas mallei
grass b. Bacillus subtilis
Hansen's b. Mycobacterium leprae
hay b. Bacillus subtilis
Hofmann's b. Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum
influenza b. Haemophilus influenzae
Johne's b. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Kitasato's b. Yersinia pestis
Klebs-Loeffler b. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Koch's b. 1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2. Vibrio cholerae
Koch-Weeks b. Haemophilus influenzae
lactic acid b. a member of the genus Lactobacillus.
leprosy b. Mycobacterium leprae
Loeffler's b. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
mist b. Mycobacterium smegmatis (formerly M. lacticola)
Moeller's grass b. Mycobacterium phlei
Morgan's b. Morganella morganii
Much's b. an alleged non-acid-fast granular form of the tubercle b.; not demonstrable by the Ziehl stain, but takes a modified Gram stain; it is said to be the form present in the tuberculous skin lesion.
necrosis b. Fusobacterium necrophorum
paracolon b. any one of a number of diverse enteric bacteria which fail to ferment lactose promptly.
paradysentery b. Shigella flexneri
paratyphoid b. one of the three organisms causing the three forms, A, B, and C, of paratyphoid fever. See also paratyphoid fever.
Park-Williams b. a special strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae used for toxin production.
Pfeiffer's b. Haemophilus influenzae
plague b. Yersinia pestis
Plaut's b. probably Fusobacterium nucleatum, differentiated by some from Vincent's b.; the former is motile and nonpathogenic, the latter is nonmotile and pathogenic.
Plotz b. a small, Gram-positive bacterium suggested as the pathogenic agent of typhus fever.
Preisz-Nocard b. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Sachs' b. Clostridium septicum
Schmorl's b. Fusobacterium necrophorum
Schottmueller's b. Salmonella schottmülleri
Shiga b. Shigella dysenteriae
Shiga-Kruse b. Shigella dysenteriae
Sonne b. Shigella sonnei
timothy-hay b. Mycobacterium phlei
tubercle b. 1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2. Mycobacterium bovis 3. Mycobacterium avium
typhoid b. Salmonella typhi
Vincent's b. probably Fusobacterium nucleatum.
vole b. an acid-fast b. isolated from voles and used in the production of a vaccine against human and bovine tuberculosis.
Weeks' b. Haemophilus influenzae
Welch's b. Clostridium perfringens
Whitmore's b. Pseudomonas pseudomallei

bacitracin bacitracin (bas-i-tra´sin)

An antibacterial antibiotic polypeptide of known chemical structure isolated from cultures of an aerobic, Gram-positive, spore-bearing bacillus (member of the Bacillus subtilis group); active against hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, and several types of Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped organisms; usually applied locally. Zinc b. is also available. [Bacillus + Margaret Tracy, source of orig. culture]

back back (bak)

1. Posterior aspect of trunk, below neck and above buttocks; 2. Vertebral column with associated muscles (erector spinae and transversospinalis) and overlying integument. See dorsum.
adolescent round b. Scheuermann's disease
hollow b. lordosis
poker b. spondylitis deformans
saddle b. lordosis

backache backache (bak´ak)

Nonspecific term used to describe back pain; generally refers to pain below the cervical level.

backbone backbone (bak´bon)

vertebral column

backcross backcross (bak´kros)

1. Mating of an individual heterozygous at one or more loci to an individual homozygous at the same loci. 2. testcross

backflow backflow

The reversal of the normal flow of a current. See also regurgitation.
pyelovenous backflow retrograde movement of fluid (urine or injected contrast materials) from renal pelvis into renal venous system. This occurs under conditions of distal obstruction or injection of solutions into renal collecting system.

backing backing (bak´ing)

In dentistry, a metal support which serves to attach a facing to a prosthesis.

back-knee back-knee (bak´ne´)

genu recurvatum

backprojection backprojection (bak´pro-jek´shun)

In computed tomography or other imaging techniques requiring reconstruction from multiple projections, an algorithm for calculating the contribution of each voxel of the structure to the measured ray data, in order to generate an image; the oldest and simplest method of image reconstruction.apical lordotic projection;

backscatter backscatter (bak´skat-er)

Induced radiation deflected more than 90° from the primary beam. See scattered radiation.

baclofen baclofen (bak´lo-fen)

beta-(Aminomethyl)-p-chlorohydrocinnamic acid;a muscle relaxant used in the symptomatic treatment of spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis; an agonist at GABA_b receptors.

Bacon Bacon

Harry E., U.S. proctologist, *1900. See B.'s anoscope.

bacteremia bacteremia (bak-ter-e´me-a)

The presence of viable bacteria in the circulating blood; may be transient following trauma such as dental or other iatrogenic manipulation or may be persistent or recurrent as a result of infection.bacteriemia; [bacteria + G. haima, blood]

bacteri- bacteri-

See bacterio-.

bacteria bacteria (bak-ter´e-a)

Plural of bacterium.
blue-green bacteria See Cyanobacteria.
coryneform bacteria common name for nondiphtheria corynebacterium, usually a nonpathogenic component of skin and oropharyngeal flora in humans and animals can cause opportunistic infections in the immunocompromised host.

bacterial bacterial (bak-ter´e-al)

Relating to bacteria.

bactericholia bactericholia (bak´ter-i-ko´le-a)

Bacteria in bile.

bactericidal bactericidal (bak-ter´i-sI´dal)

Causing the death of bacteria. Cf. bacteriostatic. bacteriocidal;

bactericide bactericide (bak-ter´i-sId)

An agent that destroys bacteria. Cf. bacteriostat. bacteriocide; [bacteria + L. caedo, to kill]
specific b. a bacteriolytic substance i.e., immune serum destructive to one bacterial species or genus only.

bacterid bacterid (bak´ter-id)

1. A recurrent or persistent eruption of discrete sterile pustules of the palms and soles, thought to be an allergic response to infection at a remote site. 2. A dissemination of a previously localized bacterial skin infection. [bacteria + -id (1)]

bacteriemia bacteriemia (bak-ter-e-e´me-a)

bacteremia

bacterio- bacterio- , bacteri-

Bacteria. [see bacterium]

bacterioagglutinin bacterioagglutinin (bak-ter´e-o-a-glu´ti-nin)

An antibody that agglutinates bacteria.

bacteriochlorin bacteriochlorin (bak-ter´-e-o-klor´in)

7,8,17,18-Tetrahydroporphyrin;the basic structure of the bacteriochlorophylls.

bacteriochlorophyll bacteriochlorophyll (bak-ter-e-o-klor´o-fil)

Either of two forms of chlorophyll in photosynthetic bacteria: 1) a or a, -CH=CH₂ replaced by -CO-CH₃ in the chlorophyll a structure, two hydrogens also being added; 2) beta or b, -CH=CH₂ replaced by -CO-CH₃ and -CH₂-CH₃ replaced by -C=CH in the chlorophyll beta structure, two hydrogens also being added.

bacteriocidal bacteriocidal (bak-ter´e-o-sI´dal)

bactericidal

bacteriocide bacteriocide (bak-ter´e-o-sId)

bactericide

bacteriocidin bacteriocidin (bak-ter´e-o-sI´din)

Antibody having bactericidal activity.

bacteriocinogens bacteriocinogens (bak-ter´e-o-sin´o-jenz)

bacteriocinogenic plasmids, under plasmid

bacteriocins bacteriocins (bak-ter´e-o-sinz)

Proteins that are produced by certain bacteria possessing bacteriocinogenic plasmids and that exert a lethal effect on closely related bacteria; in general, b.'s have a narrower range of activity than antibiotics do and are more potent.

bacterioclasis bacterioclasis (bak-ter-e-ok´la-sis)

Fragmentation of bacteria, as in the Twort phenomenon. [bacterio- + G. klasis, a breaking]

bacteriofluorescin bacteriofluorescin (bak-ter´e-o-flur-es´in)

A fluorescent material produced by bacteria.

bacteriogenic bacteriogenic (bak-ter´e-o-jen´ik)

Caused by bacteria.

bacteriogenous bacteriogenous (bak-ter-e-oj´e-nus)

1. Producing bacteria. 2. Of bacterial origin or causation.

bacterioid bacterioid (bak-ter´e-oyd)

1. Resembling bacteria. 2. Intracellular forms of Rhizobium spp. in the root nodules of leguminous plants. [bacterio- + G. eidos, resemblance]

bacteriologic bacteriologic , bacteriological (bak´ter-e-o-loj´ik, -i-kal)

Relating to bacteria or to bacteriology.

bacteriologist bacteriologist (bak´ter-e-ol´o-jist)

One who primarily studies or works with bacteria.

bacteriology bacteriology (bak-ter-e-ol´o-je)

The branch of science concerned with the study of bacteria. [bacterio- + G. logos, study]
systematic b. that branch of b. concerned with nomenclature and classification (taxonomy).

bacteriolysin bacteriolysin (bak-ter-e-ol´i-sin)

Specific antibody that combines with bacterial cells (i.e., antigen) and, in the presence of complement, causes lysis or dissolution of the cells.

bacteriolysis bacteriolysis (bak-ter-e-ol´i-sis)

The dissolution of bacteria, e.g., by means of hypotonic solutions or by specific antibody and complement. [bacterio- + G. lysis, dissolution]

bacteriolytic bacteriolytic (bak-ter-e-o-lit´ik)

Pertaining to lytic destruction of bacteria; manifesting the ability to cause dissolution of bacterial cells.

bacteriolyze bacteriolyze (bak-ter´e-o-lIz)

To cause the digestion or solution of bacterial cells.

bacteriopexy bacteriopexy (bak-ter´e-o-pek-se)

Immobilization of bacteria by phagocytic cells. [bacterio- + G. pexis, fixation]

bacteriophage bacteriophage (bak-ter´e-o-faj)

A virus with specific affinity for bacteria, and the active agent in d'Herelle's phenomenon. B.'s have been found in association with essentially all groups of bacteria, including the Cyanobacteria; like other viruses they contain either (but never both) RNA or DNA and vary in structure from the seemingly simple filamentous bacterial virus to relatively complex forms with contractile "tails"; their relationships to the host bacteria are rather specific and, as in the case of temperate b., may be genetically intimate. B.'s are named after the bacterial species, group, or strain for which they are specific, e.g., corynebacteriophage, coliphage; a number of families are recognized and have been assigned provisional names: Corticoviridae, Cystoviridae, Inoviridae, Leviviridae, Microviridae, Myoviridae, Plasmaviridae, Podoviridae, Styloviridae, and Tectiviridae. See also coliphage.phage; [bacterio- + G. phago, to eat]
defective b. a temperate b. mutant whose genome does not contain all of the normal components and cannot become fully infectious virus, yet can replicate indefinitely in the bacterial genome as defective probacteriophage; many defective b.'s are mediators of transduction.defective phage;
filamentous b. a b. that is rod-shaped and elongated lacking the head-and-tail structure characteristic of many b.'s.
mature b. the complete, infective form of b.
temperate b. b. whose genome incorporates with, and replicates with, that of the host bacterium; dissociation (and resultant development of vegetative b.) occurs at a slow rate resulting occasionally in lysis of a bacterium and release of mature b., thus rendering the bacterial culture capable of inducing general lysis if transferred to a culture of a susceptible bacterial strain.
typhoid b. b. specific for Salmonella typhi.
vegetative b. the form of b. in which the b. nucleic acid (lacking its coat) multiplies freely within the host bacterium, independently of bacterial multiplication.
virulent b. a b. that regularly causes lysis of the bacteria that it infects; it may exist in one or the other of only two forms, vegetative or mature; it does not have a probacteriophage form (i.e., its genome does not incorporate with that of the host bacterium), therefore it does not effect lysogenization.

bacteriophagia bacteriophagia (bak-ter´e-o-fa´je-a)

Twort-d'Herelle phenomenon

bacteriophagology bacteriophagology (bak-ter´e-o-fa-gol´o-je)

The study of bacteriophages.protobiology;

bacteriopheophorbide bacteriopheophorbide (bak-ter´e-o-fe-o-for´bId)

Bacteriophorbin with the side chains found in bacteriochlorophyll, but lacking the phytyl group.

bacteriopheophorbin bacteriopheophorbin (bak-ter´e-o-fe-o-for´bin)

De-esterfied bacteriopheophorbide, derived from bacteriochlorin.

bacteriopheophytin bacteriopheophytin (bak-ter´e-o-fe-o-fI´tin)

Bacteriopheophorbide with a phytyl ester on the C-17 propionic residue; bacteriochlorophyll less its magnesium residue.

bacteriophorbin bacteriophorbin (bak-ter´e-o-for´bin)

Phorbin further saturated by addition of two hydrogens to C-7 and C-8.

bacteriophytoma bacteriophytoma (bak-ter´e-o-fI-to´ma)

A growth in plant tissues produced by bacteria. [bacterio- + G. phytos, plant, + -oma, growth]

bacterioprotein bacterioprotein (bak-ter´e-o-pro´ten)

One of the albuminous substances, or proteins, within the cells of bacteria; these substances vary in their character and properties.

bacteriopsonin bacteriopsonin (bak-ter-e-op´so-nin)

An opsonin acting upon bacteria, as distinguished from a hemopsonin which affects red blood corpuscles.

bacteriosis bacteriosis (bak-ter-e-o´sis)

A localized or generalized bacterial infection.

bacteriospermia bacteriospermia (bak´ter-e-o-sper-me-a)

Bacteria in the semen or ejaculate.

bacteriostasis bacteriostasis (bak-ter-e-os´ta-sis)

An arrest or retardation of growth of bacteria. [bacterio- + G. stasis, a standing still]

bacteriostat bacteriostat (bak-ter´e-o-stat)

Any agent that inhibits or retards bacterial growth.bacteriostatic agent;

bacteriostatic bacteriostatic (bak-ter´e-o-stat´ik)

Inhibiting or retarding the growth of bacteria.

bacteriotoxic bacteriotoxic (bak-ter´e-o-tok´sik)

Poisonous or toxic to bacteria.

bacteriotropic bacteriotropic (bak-ter´e-o-trop´ik)

Turning toward or moving in the direction of bacteria; having an affinity for bacteria. [bacterio- + G. trope, a turning]

bacteriotropin bacteriotropin (bak-ter-e-ot´ro-pin)

A constituent of the blood, usually a specific antibody, i.e., opsonin, that combines with bacterial cells and renders them more susceptible to phagocytes.

bacteriotrypsin bacteriotrypsin (bak-ter´e-o-trip´sin)

A trypsin-like enzyme produced by bacteria, particularly Vibrio cholerae.

Bacterium Bacterium (bak-ter´e-um)

A bacterial generic name placed on the list of rejected names by the Judicial Commission and the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology of the International Association of Microbiological Societies. As a consequence, B. is no longer used in bacteriology. Identifiable organisms formerly placed in the genus B. have all been transferred to other genera. Specifically, B. anitratum is now known as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus; B. coli is now called Escherichia coli. [Mod. L. fr. G. bakterion, dim. of baktron, a staff or club]

bacterium bacterium, pl. bacteria (bak-ter´e-um, -a)

A unicellular prokaryotic microorganism that usually multiplies by cell division and has a cell wall that provides a constancy of form; they may be aerobic or anaerobic, motile or nonmotile, and free-living, saprophytic, parasitic, or pathogenic. See also Cyanobacteria. [Mod. L. fr. G. bakterion, dim. of baktron, a staff]
Binn's b. a type of the typhoid-paratyphoid subgroups of the nonlactose-fermenting bacteria.
blue-green b. See Cyanobacteria.
Chauveau's b. former name for Clostridium chauvoei.
endoteric b. a b. that forms an endotoxin.
exoteric b. a b. that secretes an exotoxin.
lysogenic b. 1. a b. in the symbiotic condition in which its genome includes the genome (probacteriophage) of a temperate bacteriophage; in occasional instances the probacteriophage dissociates from the bacterial genome, develops into vegetative bacteriophage, and then matures, causing lysis of the respective host b. and release into the culture medium of infective temperate bacteriophage; 2. formerly, a pseudolysogenic bacterial strain, i.e., a "carrier" strain of bacteriophage of low infectivity.
pyogenic b. a b. that causes a pyogenic infection, such as the pyogenic cocci (staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, meningococci) and Haemophilus influenzae.

bacteriuria bacteriuria (bak-ter-e-u´re-a)

The presence of bacteria in the urine.

bacteroid bacteroid (bak´ter-oyd)

Resembling bacteria.

Bacteroidaceae Bacteroidaceae (bak´ter-oy-da´se-e)

A family of obligate anaerobic (microaerophilic species may occur), nonsporeforming bacteria (order Eubacteriales) containing Gram-negative rods which vary in size from minute, filterable forms to long, filamentous, branching forms; pronounced pleomorphism may occur. Motile and nonmotile species occur; motile cells are peritrichous. Body fluids are frequently required for growth. Carbohydrates are usually fermented with the production of acid; gas may be produced in glucose or peptone media. These organisms occur primarily in the intestinal tracts and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. They may be pathogenic. The type genus is Bacteroides.

Bacteroides Bacteroides (bak-ter-oy´dez)

A genus of obligate anaerobic, nonsporeforming bacteria (family Bacteroidaceae) containing Gram-negative rods. Both motile and nonmotile species occur; motile cells are peritrichous. Some species ferment carbohydrates and produce combinations of succinic, lactic, acetic, formic, or propionic acids, sometimes with short-chained alcohols; butyric acid is not a major product. Those species which do not ferment carbohydrates produce from peptone either trace to moderate amounts of succinic, formic, acetic, and lactic acids or major amounts of acetic and butyric acids with moderate amounts of alcohols and isovaleric, propionic, and isobutyric acids. They are part of the normal flora of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans and animals; some species are pathogenic. The type species is B. fragilis. [G. bacterion + eidos, form]
B. bivius a species usually isolated from urogenital and abdominal infections and linked to pelvic inflammatory disease.
B. capillo´sus a species isolated from human cysts and wounds, the mouth, and feces, and from the intestinal tracts of some animals.
B. corro´dens former name for Eikenella corrodens.
B. di´siens a species isolated from abdominal and urogenital infections, and from the mouth.Prevotella disiens;
B. frag´ilis a species that is one of the predominant organisms in the lower intestinal tract of man and other animals; also found in specimens from appendicitis, peritonitis, rectal abscesses, pilonidal cysts, surgical wounds, and lesions of the urogenital tract; it is the type species of the genus B.
B. furco´sus a species found in an infected appendix, in lung and abdominal abscesses, and in feces.
B. melaninogenicus Prevotella melaninogenica
B. nodo´sus a species involved in the causation of foot rot in sheep and goats.Dichelobacter nodosus;
B. ora´lis a species found in the gingival crevice area of man and in infections of the oral cavity and upper respiratory and genital tracts.Prevotella oralis;
B. o´ris a species isloated from the gingival crevice, systemic infections, face, neck, and chest abscesses, wound drainages, and blood and various bodily fluids.Prevotella oris;
B. pneumosin´tes a species found in the nasopharynx, gingival crevice and periodontal pockets, blood, respiratory tract, brain abscesses, and head and neck infections.
B. praeacu´tus a species isolated from the intestinal tracts of infants and adults, gangrenous lesions, lung abscesses, and blood.Tissierella praeacuta;
B. putredi´nis a species isolated from feces, cases of acute appendicitis, and abdominal and rectal abscesses; also from foot rot of sheep and from farm soil.
B. thetaiotamicron a species implicated in intra-abdominal infections.
B. ureolyt´icus a species isolated from infections of the respiratory and intestinal tracts, and from the buccal cavity, intestinal tract, urogenital tract, and blood after a dental extraction.

bacteroidosis bacteroidosis (bak´ter-oy-do´sis)

Rarely used term for an infection with Bacteroides.

baculiform baculiform (ba-kyu´li-form)

Rod-shaped. [L. baculum, a rod, + forma, form]

Baculoviridae Baculoviridae (bak-yu-lo-vir´i-de)

A family of viruses that multiply only in invertebrates; virions are rod-shaped and measure 40 to 70 nm by 250 to 400 nm; genomes are of double-stranded, supercoiled DNA (MW 80 to 100 x 10⁶). Genera of viruses that multiply only in invertebrates are also included in other families: Iridovirus (Iridoviridae), Entomopoxvirus (Poxviridae), Densovirus (Parvoviridae), cytoplasmic polyhedral virus group (Reoviridae), and Sigmavirus (Rhabdoviridae). Baculovirus derived vectors are frequently used to express foreign genes in insect cells. [L. baculum, rod]

baculovirus baculovirus (bak´u-lo-vI-rus)

A virus that infects insect cells; used extensively in expression systems for recombinant proteins that require eucaryotic processing systems. [L. baculum, rod, + virus]

baculum baculum (bak´yu-lum)

os penis [L. a rod]

Baehr Baehr

George, U.S. physician, 1887-1978. See B.-Lohlein lesion.

Baelz Baelz

Erwin, German physician in Tokyo, 1849-1913. See B.'s disease.

BAER BAER

Abbreviation for brainstem auditory evoked response. See evoked response.

Baer Baer

Karl E. von, German-Russian embryologist, 1792-1876. See B.'s law, vesicle.

Baer's vesicle Baer's vesicle

See under vesicle.

Baeyer Baeyer

Johann F.W.A. von, German chemist and Nobel laureate, 1835-1917. See B.'s theory.

bag bag

A pouch, sac, or receptacle. [A.S. baelg]
Ambu b. proprietary name for a self-reinflating b. with nonrebreathing valves to provide positive pressure ventilation during resuscitation with oxygen or air.
breathing b. a collapsible reservoir from which gases are inhaled and into which gases may be exhaled during general anesthesia or artificial ventilation.reservoir b;
colostomy b. a bag worn over an artifical anus to collect feces.
Douglas b. a large b. in which expired gas is collected for several minutes to determine oxygen consumption in humans under conditions of actual work. [C.G. Douglas]
nuclear b. the aggregation of nuclei occurring in the nonstriated center of an intrafusal muscle fiber of a neuromuscular spindle.
Petersen's b. an obsolete device consisting of a rubber b. introduced into the rectum and inflated to push up the bladder to facilitate suprapubic cystotomy.
Politzer b. a pear-shaped rubber b. used for forcing air through the eustachian tube by the Politzer method.
reservoir b. breathing b
b. of waters colloquialism for the amniotic sac and contained amniotic fluid.

bagassosis bagassosis (bag-a-so´sis)

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis following exposure to sugar cane fiber (bagasse); variously attributed to inhalation of spores of soil fungi and, particularly, thermophilic actinomycetes.

Baggenstoss Baggenstoss

Archie H., U.S. pathologist, *1908. See B. change.

Bagolini Bagolini

20th century Italian ophthalmologist. See B. test.

bahnung bahnung (bah´nung)

Increased ease of transmission of a nerve impulse in a nerve tract as a result of prior stimulation. [Ger. Bahnung, the making of a pathway]

Baillarger Baillarger

Jules G.F., French neurologist, 1809-1890. See B.'s bands, under band, lines, under line.

Bailliart Bailliart

Paul, French ophthalmologist, 1877-1969. See B.'s ophthalmodynamometer.

Bainbridge Bainbridge

Francis A., English physiologist, 1874-1921. See B. reflex.

Baker Baker

James Porter, U.S. physician, *1902. See Charcot-Weiss-B. syndrome.

Baker Baker

John Randal, English zoologist, *1900. See B.'s pyridine extraction, acid hematein.

Baker Baker

William M., English surgeon, 1839-1896. See B.'s cyst.

BAL BAL

Abbreviation for British anti-Lewisite.

balan- balan-

See balano-.

balance balance (bal´ans)

1. An apparatus for weighing; e.g., scales. 2. The normal state of action and reaction between two or more parts or organs of the body. 3. Quantities, concentrations, and proportionate amounts of bodily constituents. 4. The difference between intake and utilization, storage, or excretion of a substance by the body. See also equilibrium. [L. bi-, twice, + lanx, dish, scale]
acid-base b. the normal b. between acid and base in the blood plasma, expressed in the hydrogen ion concentration or pH, resulting from the relative amounts of acidic and basic materials ingested and produced by body metabolism, compared to the relative amounts of acidic and basic materials excreted from the body and consumed by body metabolism; the normal state of acid-base b. is not one of neutrality, with equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, but a more alkaline state with a certain excess of hydroxyl ions.acid-base equilibrium;
nitrogen b. the difference between the total nitrogen intake by an organism and its total nitrogen loss. A normal, healthy adult has a zero nitrogen b., N_in > N_out (i.e., a positive nitrogen b.
occlusal b. a condition in which there are simultaneous contacts of the occluding units of the opposing dental arches in centric and eccentric positions within the functional range.
Wilhelmy b. a device for measuring surface tension in terms of the pull exerted on a thin plate of platinum or other material suspended vertically through the surface; used in a Langmuir trough to study pulmonary surfactant.

balanic balanic (ba-lan´ik)

Relating to the glans penis or glans clitoridis. [G. balanos, acorn, glans]

Balanites aegyptiaca Balanites aegyptiaca (bal-a-nI´tez e-jip-tI´a-ka)

A genus of trees growing in the Near East, whose berries contain an active principle that is deadly to mollusks, miracidia, cercariae, tadpoles, and fish and that is used as a prophylactic against schistosomiasis by adding it to drinking water. [L. balanos, acorn]

balanitis balanitis (bal-a-nI´tis)

Inflammation of the glans penis or clitoris. [G. balanos, acorn, glans, + -itis, inflammation]
b. circumscripta plasmacellularis plasma cell b
b. diabet´ica glanular inflammation in diabetics related to urinary infection or concomitant posthitis.
plasma cell b. benign circumscribed b. characterized microscopically by subepithelial plasma cell infiltration and clinically by small erythematous papular lesions.b. circumscripta plasmacellularis, b. of Zoon, Zoon's erythroplasia;
b. xerot´ica oblit´erans lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the glans penis, which may result in urethral stenosis.
b. of Zoon plasma cell b

balano- balano- , balan-

Glans penis. [G. balanos, acorn, glans]

balanoplasty balanoplasty (bal´an-o-plas-te)

Surgical reconstruction of the glans penis. [balano- + G. plastos, formed]

balanoposthitis balanoposthitis (bal´an-o-pos-thI´tis)

Inflammation of the glans penis and overlying prepuce. [balano- + G. posthe, prepuce, + -itis, inflammation]
enzootic b. ulcerative posthitis

balantidiasis balantidiasis (bal´an-ti-dI´a-sis)

A disease caused by the presence of Balantidium coli in the large intestine; characterized by diarrhea, dysentery, and occasionally ulceration.balantidosis;

Balantidium Balantidium (bal-an-tid´e-um)

A genus of ciliates (family Balantidiidae) found in the digestive tract of vertebrates and invertebrates. [G. balantidion, dim of ballantion, a bag]
B. co´li a very large parasitic ciliate species, usually 50 to 80 mum in length, reaching up to 200 mum in pigs, found in the cecum or large intestine, swimming actively in the lumen; usually harmless in man but may invade and ulcerate the intestinal wall, producing a colitis resembling amebic dysentery.
B. su´is a species originally considered distinct from the ciliate parasite of man, B. coli, but now considered synonymous with it; nonpathogenic in swine.

balantidosis balantidosis (bal´an-ti-do´sis)

balantidiasis

balanus balanus (bal´a-nus)

glans penis [G. balanos, acorn, glans penis]

bald bald (bawld)

Having no hair, or a decrease in the amount of hair of the scalp. [M.E. balled]

baldness baldness (bawld´nes)

alopecia
common b. androgenic alopecia
congenital b. alopecia congenitalis
male pattern b. male pattern alopecia
pubic b. loss of pubic hair.pubomadesis;

Baldy Baldy

John M., U.S. gynecologist, 1860-1934. See B.'s operation.

Balint Balint

Rudolph, Hungarian neurologist and psychiatrist, 1874-1929. See B.'s syndrome.

Ball Ball

Sir Charles, Irish surgeon, 1851-1916. See B.'s operation.

ball ball

1. A round mass. See bezoar. 2. In veterinary medicine, a large pill or bolus.
chondrin b. one of the globular masses formed by a group of cells enclosed in a capsule, in hyaline cartilage.
dust b. a mass sometimes found in the stomach or intestine of an animal fed on mill cleanings.
food b. phytobezoar
b. of the foot the padded portion of the sole, at the anterior extremity of the heads of the metatarsals, upon which the weight rests when the heel is raised.
fungus b. a compact mass of fungal mycelium and cellular debris, 1 to 5 cm in diameter, residing within a lung cavity; such cavities may be produced by bacterial as well as mycotic infectious agents, but they are usually produced by Aspergillus fumigatus or, more rarely, by A. niger. See also aspergilloma (2).
hair b. trichobezoar
wool b. a trichophytobezoar formed chiefly of wool and vegetable matter in the stomach of sheep.

Ballance Ballance

Sir Charles A., English surgeon, 1856-1936. See B.'s sign; Koerte-B. operation.

balling gun balling gun , balling iron

An instrument used for administering boluses or capsules to animals.

ballism ballism (bal´izm)

ballismus

ballismus ballismus (bal-iz´mus)

A type of involuntary movement affecting the proximal limb musculature, manifested as jerking, flinging movements of the extremity; caused by a lesion of or near the contralateral subthalamic nucleus. Usually only one side of the body is involved, resulting in hemiballismus.ballism; [G. ballismos, a jumping about]

ballistocardiogram ballistocardiogram (bal-is-to-kar´de-o-gram)

A record of the body's recoil caused by cardiac contraction, the ejection of blood into the aorta, and ventricular filling forces; has been used as a basis for calculating the cardiac output in man, but its lack of accuracy and reproducibility has caused it to be discarded. [G. ballo, to throw, + kardia, heart, + gramma, something written]

ballistocardiograph (BCG) ballistocardiograph (BCG) (bal-is-to-kar´de-o-graf)

Instrument for taking a ballistocardiogram, consisting either of a moving table suspended from the ceiling, or of an apparatus that rests upon the patient's body, usually on the shins, together with a graphic recording system.

ballistocardiography ballistocardiography (bal-is-to-kar-de-og´ra-fe)

1. The graphic recording of movements of the body imparted by ballistic forces (cardiac contraction and ejection of blood, ventricular filling, acceleration, and deceleration of blood flow through the great vessels); these minute movements are amplified and recorded on moving chart paper after being translated into an electrical potential by a pickup device. 2. The study and interpretation of ballistocardiograms.

ballistophobia ballistophobia (bal-is-to-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of a projectile or missile. [G. ballista, catapult, fr. G. ballistes fr. ballo, + phobos, fear]

balloon balloon (ba-lun)

1. An inflatable spherical or ovoid device used to retain tubes or catheters in, or provide support to, various body structures. 2. A distensible device used to stretch or occlude a stenotic viscus or blood vessel. 3. To distend a body cavity with a gas or fluid to facilitate its examination, dilate a structure, or occlude its lumen. [Fr. ballon, fr. It. ballone, fr. balla, ball, fr. Germanic]
angioplasty b. a b. near the tip of an angiographic catheter, designed to distend narrowed vessels. See balloon-tip catheter.
detachable b. a small b., attached to the tip of a catheter, which can be released to occlude a vessel.
intra-aortic b. an externally and intermittently inflatable balloon placed into the descending aorta and which, on activation during diastole, augments blood pressure and organ perfusion by its pulsatile thrust; then, on deflation, decreases the cardiac work with each systole-the so-called counterpulsation principle-by reducing cardiac afterload.

balloonseptostomy balloonseptostomy (ba-lun´sep-tos´to-me)

Creation of an artificial interatrial septal defect by cardiac catheterization during which an inflated balloon is pulled across the interatrial septum through the foramen ovale; used in cases of transposition of the great vessels and tricuspid atresia.

ballottable ballottable (bal-ot´a-bl)

Capable of exhibiting the phenomenon of ballottement.

ballottement ballottement (bal-ot-maw´)

1. Maneuver used in physical examination to estimate the size of an organ not near the surface, particularly when there is ascites, by a flicking motion of the hand or fingers similar to that of dribbling a basketball. 2. An obsolete method of diagnosis of pregnancy: with the tip of the forefinger in the vagina, a sharp tap is made against the lower segment of the uterus; the fetus, if present, is tossed upward and (if the finger is retained in place) will be felt to strike against the wall of the uterus as it falls back. [Fr. balloter, to toss up]
abdominal b. examination of the abdomen by palpation to detect excessive amounts of fluid (ascites) by causing organs to bob up and down in the fluid milieu.
renal b. a maneuver in which the kidney is moved by pressure from behind, allowing it to be felt between the hands and its size, shape, and mobility determined.

balm balm (bawlm)

1. balsam 2. An ointment, especially a fragrant one. 3. A soothing application. [L. balsamum, fr. G. balsamon, the balsam tree]
b. of Gilead an oleoresin from Commiphora opobalsamum (family Burseraceae), probably the myrrh of the Bible; used in perfumery.Mecca balsam, opobalsamum;
mountain b. eriodictyon
sweet b. melissa

balneotherapeutics balneotherapeutics , balneotherapy (bal´ne-o-thar-a-pyu´tiks, -thar´a-pe)

Immersion of part or all of the body in a mineral water bath as a form of therapy. [L. balneum, bath]

Baló Baló

Jozsef, Hungarian physician, *1896. See B.'s disease.

balsam balsam (bawl´sam)

A fragrant, resinous or thick, oily exudate from various trees and plants.balm (1), oleoresin (3); [G. balsamon; L. balsamum]
Canada b. a yellowish liquid resin from the b. fir, Abies balsamea (family Pinaceae); contains kinene and bornyl acetate; used for mounting histologic specimens and as a cement for lenses.Canada turpentine;
b. of copaiba copaiba
Mecca b. balm of Gilead
b. of Peru a thick, dark brown liquid b. obtained from Toluifera pereirae (family Leguminosae), containing 60% cinnamein; used as a healing application to wounds.
Tolu b. a yellowish brown soft mass obtained from Toluifera balsamum (family Leguminosae), containing cinnamic and benzoic acids and esters; used as a stimulant expectorant.

balsamic balsamic (bawl-sam´ik)

1. Relating to balsam. 2. Fragrant.

Bamberger Bamberger

Heinrich von, Austrian physician, 1822-1888. See B.'s albuminuria, disease, sign.

Bamberger Bamberger

Eugen, Austrian physician, 1858-1921. See B.-Marie disease, syndrome.

bamifylline hydrochloride bamifylline hydrochloride (ba-mif´i-lin)

8-Benzyl-7-{2-[ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amino] ethyl}theophylline hydrochloride;a vasodilator and smooth muscle relaxant.

bamipine bamipine (bam-i-pen)

4-N-Benzylanilino-1-methylpiperidine;an antihistaminic.

bancroftiasis bancroftiasis , bancroftosis (ban-krof-tI´a-sis, -to´sis)

Infection with Wuchereria bancrofti.

band band

1. Any appliance or part of an apparatus that encircles or binds a part of the body. See also zone. 2. Any ribbon-shaped or cordlike anatomical structure that encircles or binds another structure or that connects two or more parts. See fascia, line, linea, stripe, stria, tenia. 3. A narrow strip containing one or more macromolecules (on occasions, small molecules) detected in electrophoresis or certain types of chromatography.
A b.'s the dark-staining anisotropic cross striations in the myofibrils of muscle fibers, comprising regions of overlapping thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments.A disks, anisotropic disks, Q b.'s (1), Q disks;
absorption b. the range of wavelengths or frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum where radiant energy is absorbed by passage through a gaseous, liquid, or dissolved substance; it is exploited for analytical purposes in colorimetry or spectrophotometry, and is usually described in terms of the wavelength where maximum absorbance occurs (i.e., lambda_max).
amniotic b.'s strands of amniotic tissue adherent to the embryo or fetus; they may cause constriction of embryonic limbs. See also congenital amputation.amniotic adhesions, annular b., constriction ring (2), Simonart's b.'s (1), Simonart's ligaments, Simonart's threads, Streeter's b.'s;
annular b. amniotic b.'s
anogenital b. the first indication of the perineum in the embryo.
atrioventricular b. atrioventricular bundle
Baillarger's b.'s Baillarger's lines, under line
b. bands Muerhrcke's sign
Bechterew's b. b. of Kaes-Bechterew
Broca's diagonal b. a white fiber bundle descending in the precommissural septum toward the base of the forebrain, immediately rostral to the lamina terminalis; at the base, the bundle turns in the caudolateral direction; traveling through a ventral stratum of the innominate substance alongside the optic tract, it fades before reaching the amygdala.
chromosome b. a region of darker or contrasting staining across the width of a chromosome; the pattern of b.'s is characteristic for most chromosomes. See banding.
Clado's b. the suspensory ligament of the ovary.
b.'s of colon teniae coli, under tenia
contraction b. a microscopic change in myocardial cells in which excessive contraction, associated with elevated intracellular calcium and serum norepinephrine, causes the formation of transverse amorphous b. in the fibers which are then incapable of contracting again.contraction band necrosis;
coronary b. a region of the pododerm; a prominent ridge of corium and underlying tela subcutanea at the top of the hoof from which most of the wall of the hoof grows.corium coronae;
Essick's cell b.'s groups of cells in the developing rhombencephalon which migrate in two b.'s, one of which eventually forms the inferior olivary nucleus and the arcuate nucleus, and the other the pontine nuclei.
Gennari's b. line of Gennari
b. of Giacomini uncus b. of Giacomini
H b. the paler area in the center of the A b. of a striated muscle fiber, comprising the central portion of thick (myosin) filaments that are not overlapped by thin (actin) filaments.H disk, Hensen's disk, Hensen's line;
His' b. atrioventricular bundle
Hunter-Schreger b.'s alternating light and dark lines seen in dental enamel that begin at the dentoenamel junction and end before they reach the enamel surface; they represent areas of enamel rods cut in cross-sections dispersed between areas of rods cut longitudinally.Hunter-Schreger lines, Schreger's lines;
I b. a light b. on each side of the Z line of striated muscle fibers, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments.I disk, isotropic disk;
iliotibial b. iliotibial tract
b. of Kaes-Bechterew b. of horizontal myelinated fibers in the most superficial part of the third layer of the isocortex.Bechterew's b., layer of Bechterew, line of Bechterew, line of Kaes;
Ladd's b. a peritoneal attachment of an incompletely rotated cecum, causing obstruction of the duodenum, found in malrotation of the intestine.
Lane's b. a congenital b. on the distal ileum causing stasis.Lane's kink;
longitudinal b.'s of cruciform ligament ligamentous slips forming the "upright" or vertical beam of the cruciform ligament.fasciculi longitudinales ligamenti cruciformis atlantis [NA];
M b. M line
Mach's b. a relatively bright or dark b. perceived in a zone where the luminance increases or decreases rapidly.
Maissiat's b. iliotibial tract
matrix b. a metal or plastic b. secured around the crown of a tooth to confine restorative material to be adapted into a prepared cavity.
Meckel's b. the portion of the anterior ligament of the malleus that extends from the base of the anterior process through the petrotympanic fissure, to attach to the spine of the sphenoid. See anterior ligament of malleus.Meckel's ligament;
moderator b. septomarginal trabecula
oligoclonal b. small discrete b.'s in the gamma globulin region of the spinal fluid electrophoresis, indicating local central nervous system production of IgG; b.'s are frequently seen in patients with multiple sclerosis but can also be found in other diseases of the central nervous system including syphilis, sarcoidosis, and chronic infection or inflammation.
orthodontic b. a thin strip of metal closely adapted to the crown of a tooth to which wires may be attached for tooth movement.
pecten b. a fibrous induration of the anal pecten resulting from passive congestion or a chronic form of inflammation in this region.
perioplic b. a narrow b. of corium and underlying tela subcutanea proximal to the coronary b. at the top of the hoof; the periople develops from it.
Q b.'s 1. A b.'s 2. See Q-banding stain.
Reil's b. 1. septomarginal trabecula 2. medial lemniscus
silastic b. (si´las-tik) a small silastic ring placed around each fallopian tube to achieve permanent sterilization.
Simonart's b.'s 1. amniotic b.'s 2. weblike band of tissue partially filling the gap between the medial and lateral portions of a cleft lip.
Soret b. the absorption b. of all porphyrins at about 400 nm.
Streeter's b.'s amniotic b.'s
uncus b. of Giacomini a slender whitish b., the attenuated anterior continuation of the dentate gyrus (fascia dentata), crossing transversally the surface of the recurved part of the uncus gyri parahippocampalis.b. of Giacomini, cauda fasciae dentatae, frenulum of Giacomini, tail of dentate gyrus;
ventricular b. of larynx vestibular fold
Z b. Z line
zonular b. zona orbicularis

bandage bandage (ban´dij)

1. A piece of cloth or other material, of varying shape and size, applied to a body part to make compression, absorb drainage, prevent motion, retain surgical dressings. 2. To cover a body part by application of a b.
adhesive b. a dressing of plain absorbent gauze affixed to plastic or fabric coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive.
Barton's b. a figure-of-8 b. supporting the mandible below and anteriorly; used in mandibular fracture.
capeline b. a b. covering the head or an amputation stump like a cap. [L. capella, a cap]
circular b. one encircling an extremity, or a portion of it, or the trunk.
cravat b. a b. made by bringing the point of a triangular b. to the middle of the base and then folding lengthwise to the desired width.
crucial b. a b. in the shape of a cross; e.g., a T-b..
demigauntlet b. a gauntlet b. that covers only the hand, leaving the fingers exposed.
Desault's b. a b. for fracture of the clavicle; the elbow is bound to the side, with a pad placed in the axilla.
elastic b. a b. containing stretchable material; used to make local pressure.
Esmarch b. Esmarch tourniquet
figure-of-8 b. a b. applied alternately to two parts, usually two segments of a limb above and below the joint, in such a way that the turns describe the figure 8; used primarily for the treatment of fractures of the clavicle.
four-tailed b. a strip of cloth split in two except for a central portion placed under the chin, with four tails tied over the head; used to limit motion of the mandible.
gauntlet b. a figure-of-8 b. covering the hand and fingers.
gauze b. See gauze.
Gibney's fixation b. herring-bone strapping of the foot and leg for sprain of the ankle.
Gibson's b. a b., resembling Barton's b., for stabilizing a fracture of the mandible.
hammock b. a b. for retaining dressings on the head: the dressings are covered by a wide gauze strip, the ends of which are brought down over the ears and held while a narrow circular b. is passed around the head; the ends of the gauze strip are then turned up over the circular b. and other turns are made securing them firmly.
immovable b. a b. of cloth impregnated with plaster of Paris, liquid glass, or the like, which hardens soon after its application.
Martin's b. a roller b. of soft rubber used to make compression on a limb in the treatment of varicose veins or ulcers.
oblique b. a b. in which the successive turns proceed obliquely up or down the limb.
plaster b. a roller b. impregnated with plaster of Paris and applied moist; used to make a rigid dressing for a fracture or diseased joint.
roller b. a strip of material, of variable width, rolled into a compact cylinder to facilitate its application.
scarf b. triangular b
Scultetus' b. a large oblong cloth, the ends of which are cut into narrow strips, which is applied to the thorax or abdomen, the strips being tied or overlapped and pinned.
spica b. successive strips of material applied to the body and the first part of a limb, or to the hand and a finger, which overlap slightly in a V to resemble an ear of grain. [L. spica, ear of grain]
spiral b. an oblique b. encircling a limb, the successive turns overlapping those preceding.
suspensory b. a bag of expansile fabric for supporting the scrotum and its contents.
T-b. T-binder
triangular b. a piece of cloth cut in the shape of a right-angled triangle, used as a sling.scarf b;
Velpeau's b. a b. which serves to immobilize arm to chest wall, with the forearm positioned obliquely across and upward on front of chest.

banding banding

The process of differential staining of (usually) metaphase chromosomes of cells to reveal the characteristic patterns of bands that permit identification of individual chromosomes and recognition of missing segments; each of the 22 pairs of human chromosomes and the X and Y chromosomes has an identifying b. pattern.
BrDu-b. labeling of chromosomes in proliferating tissue by adding an excess of bromodeoxyuridine, which replaces the uridine incorporated in RNA and fluoresces in ultraviolet light; the bands result from sister chromatid exchanges.
high-resolution b. b., especially in prophase, which increases the clarity and number of discernible chromosome bands.
NOR-b. a procedure which utilizes a silver stain that preferentially accumulates in the nucleoli-organizing regions, i.e., the satellite regions of the acrocentric chromosomes.
prometaphase b. b. done in the stage of mitosis intermediate between prophase and metaphase.
pulmonary artery b. a surgical method of decreasing pulmonary blood flow and thereby volume overload of the left ventricle, alleviating CHF in certain congenital heart defects.
reverse b. See R-banding stain.

Bandl Bandl

Ludwig, German obstetrician, 1842-1892. See B.'s ring.

bandwidth bandwidth

The range of frequency or wavelengths over which a device is intended to operate.

bandy-leg bandy-leg (ban´de-leg)

genu varum

bane bane (ban)

A poison or blight. [O.E. bana]

Bang Bang

Bernhard L.F., Danish veterinarian and physician, 1848-1932. See B.'s bacillus, disease.

banisterine banisterine (ba-nis´te-ren)

harmine

Bannister Bannister

Henry M., U.S. physician, 1844-1920. See B.'s disease.

Banti Banti

Guido, Italian physician, 1852-1925. See B.'s disease, syndrome.

baptitoxine baptitoxine

cytisine

bar bar

1. A unit of pressure equal to 1 megadyne (10⁶ dyne) per cm² in the CGS system, 0.9869233 atmosphere, or 10⁵ Pa (N/m²) in the SI system. 2. One of the two convergent ridges on the ground surface of the hoof of a horse, united by the frog, and fused with the sole in front.connector b. (1); 3. A metal segment of greater length than width that serves to connect two or more parts of a removable partial denture. See also major connector. 4. A segment of tissue or bone that unites two or more similar structures.
arch b. any one of several types of wires, b., or splints conforming to the arch of the teeth, extending from one side of the arch to the other and located labially, or lingually; used for the treatment of jaw fractures and/or stabilization of injured teeth.
b. of bladder interureteric fold
clasp b. See clasp.
connector b. 1. bar (2) 2. See major connector, minor connector.
labial b. a major connector located labial to the dental arch joining two or more bilateral parts of a mandibular removable partial denture.
lingual b. a major connector located lingual to the dental arch joining two or more bilateral parts of a mandibular removable partial denture.
median b. of Mercier a prominent band of fibromuscular tissue involving the interureteric ridge or neck of the urinary bladder, occasionally resulting in urinary obstruction.
Mercier's b. interureteric fold
occlusal rest b. a minor connector used to attach an occlusal rest to a major part of a removable partial denture.
palatal b. a major connector which crosses the palate and unites two or more parts of a maxillary removable partial denture.
Passavant's b. Passavant's cushion
sternal b. one of the transverse units of the developing sternum formed by the union of paired primordia.
terminal b. dark spots or b. (depending on the plane of section) in the lateral boundary between the apical ends of columnar epithelial cells; this region corresponds with the area of the junctional complex and the thin filaments that anchor on the zonula adherens.

baragnosis baragnosis (bar-ag-no´sis)

Loss of ability to appreciate the weight of objects held in the hand, or to differentiate objects of different weights. When the primary senses are intact, caused by a lesion of the contralateral parietal lobe. [G. baros, weight + a- priv., + gnosis, a knowing]

Bárány Bárány

Robert, Austrian-Hungarian otologist and Nobel laureate, 1876-1936. See B.'s sign, caloric test; positional vertigo of B.

barba barba (bar´ba)

1. [NA] The beard. 2. A hair of the beard. [L.]

barbaloin barbaloin (bar-bal´o-in)

aloin

Barber Barber

Glenn, 20th century U.S. orthopedic surgeon. See Blount-Barber disease.

barbiero barbiero (bar-be-a´ro)

Brazilian term for the bloodsucking hemipteran triatomid bug, Panstrongylus megistus, an important vector of Chagas' disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. [Pg. the barber]

barbital barbital (bar´bi-tawl)

A hypnotic and sedative; available as b. sodium (soluble b.), with the same uses; often used as a buffer.5,5-diethylbarbituric acid, barbitone, Veronal;

barbitone barbitone

barbital

barbiturate barbiturate (bar-bich´yur-at)

A derivative of barbituric acid, including phenobarbital and others, that act as CNS depressants and are used for their tranquilizing, hypnotic, and anti-seizure effects; most b.'s have the potential for abuse.

barbituric acid barbituric acid (bar-bi-chyur´ik)

2,4,6-trioxohexahydropyrimidine; 2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione;a crystalline dibasic acid from which barbital and other barbiturates are derived; has no sedative action.malonylurea;

barbiturism barbiturism (bar´bi-chyur-izm)

Chronic poisoning by any of the derivatives of barbituric acid; symptoms, which are not very distinctive, include cutaneous eruption accompanied by chills, fever, and headache.

barbotage barbotage (bar-bo-tahzh´)

A method of spinal anesthesia in which a portion of the anesthetic solution is injected into the cerebral spinal fluid, which is then aspirated back into the syringe and reinjected. [Fr. barboter, to dabble]

barbula hirci barbula hirci (bar´byu-la hir´sI)

The hairs growing from the tragus, antitragus, and incisura intertragica at the opening of the external acoustic meatus. [L. dim. of barba, beard, + gen. sing. of hircus, goat]

Barclay Barclay

Alfred E., English physician, 1877-1949. See B.-Baron disease.

Barcroft Barcroft

Sir Joseph F., English physiologist, 1872-1947. See B.-Warburg apparatus, technique.

Bard Bard

Philip, U.S. physiologist, 1898-1945. See Cannon-B. theory.

Bardet Bardet

Georges, French physician, *1885. See B.-Biedl syndrome.

Bardinet Bardinet

Barthélemy A., French physician, 1809-1874. See B.'s ligament.

baresthesia baresthesia (bar-es-the´ze-a)

pressure sense [G. baros, weight, + aisthesis, sensation]

baresthesiometer baresthesiometer (bar´es-the´ze-om´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the pressure sense. [G. baros, weight, + aisthesis, sensation, + metron, measure]

bariatric bariatric (bar-e-at´rik)

Relating to bariatrics.

bariatrics bariatrics (bar-e-at´riks)

That branch of medicine concerned with the management (prevention or control) of obesity and allied diseases. [G. baros, weight, + iatreia, medical treatment]

baric baric (ba´rik)

Relating to barometric pressure (as in isobar) or to weight generally.

baricity baricity (ba-ris´i-te)

The weight of one substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of another substance at the same temperature. [G. baros, weight]

barilla barilla (ba-ril´a)

Commercial, usually impure, sodium carbonate and sulfate.

baritosis baritosis (bar-i-to´sis)

A form of pneumoconiosis caused by barite or barium dust.

barium (Ba) barium (Ba) (ba´re-um, ba´re-um)

A metallic, alkaline, divalent earth element; atomic no. 56, atomic wt. 137.327. Salts are often used in diagnosis. [G. barys, heavy]
b. chloride formerly used as a heart tonic and for varicose veins; extremely toxic.
b. hydroxide Ba(OH)₂;a caustic compound combined with calcium hydroxide in a carbon dioxide absorbent; used in anesthetic circuits. See also absorbent (3).
b. meal oral administration of b. sulfate suspension for radiographic study of the upper gastrointestinal tract (British usage).
b. oxide , b. monoxide BaO;it is caustic, forming the strong base, Ba(OH)₂, in water; used as a dehydrating agent.baryta;
b. sulfate BaSO₄;given as a suspension orally, rectally, or through a tube, for radiographic visualization of a part of the gastrointestinal tract. See enteroclysis, barium enema. See also barium enema.
b. sulfide a poisonous grayish yellow powder, used as a depilatory.
b. swallow oral administration of b. sulfate suspension for radiographic investigation of the hypopharynx and esophagus.

bark bark

1. The envelope or covering of the roots, trunk, and branches of plants. B. of pharmacological significance not listed below are alphabetized under specific names. 2. cinchona
cinchona b. cinchona
cotton-root b. dried root b. of Gossypium herbaceum and other species of Gossypium (family Malvaceae). Has been used as an abortifacient and oxytocic.

Barkan Barkan

Otto, U.S. ophthalmologist, 1887-1958. See B.'s operation.

Barkman Barkman

Åke, 20th century Swedish internist. See B.'s reflex.

Barkow Barkow

Hans K.L., German anatomist, 1798-1873. See B.'s ligaments, under ligament.

Barlow Barlow

Sir Thomas, British physician, 1845-1945. See B.'s disease.

Barlow Barlow

John, 20th century South African cardiologist. See B. syndrome.

barn barn

A unit of area for effective cross-section of atomic nuclei with respect to atomic projectiles; equal to 10^-24 cm². [fr. "big as the side of a barn" by humorous comparison with much smaller areas]

Barnes Barnes

Robert, British obstetrician, 1817-1907. See B.'s curve, zone.

Barnes Barnes

Stanley, British physician, 1875-1955. See Barnes' dystrophy.

baro- baro-

Weight, pressure. [G. baros, weight]

baroceptor baroceptor (bar´o-sep-ter, -tor)

baroreceptor

barognosis barognosis (bar´og-no´sis)

Ability to appreciate the weight of objects, or to differentiate objects of different weights. [G. baros, weight, + gnosis, knowledge]

barograph barograph (bar´o-graf)

A device that gives a continuous record of barometric pressure.barometrograph;

barometrograph barometrograph (bar-o-met´ro-graf)

barograph

Baron Baron

See Barclay-Baron disease.

barophilic barophilic (bar´o-fil´ik)

Thriving under high environmental pressure; applied to microorganisms. [G. baros, weight, + phileo, to love]

baroreceptor baroreceptor (bar´o-re-sep´ter, -tor)

1. In general, any sensor of pressure changes. 2. Sensory nerve ending in the wall of the auricles of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch, and carotid sinus, sensitive to stretching of the wall resulting from increased pressure from within, and functioning as the receptor of central reflex mechanisms that tend to reduce that pressure.baroceptor, pressoreceptor; [G. baros, weight, + receptor]

baroreflex baroreflex (bar-o-re´fleks)

A reflex triggered by stimulation of a baroreceptor.

baroscope baroscope (bar´o-skop)

An instrument measuring changes in atmospheric pressure.

barosinusitis barosinusitis (bar´o-sI-nus-I´tis)

aerosinusitis [G. baros, weight, pressure, + sinusitis]

barostat barostat (bar´o-stat)

A pressure-regulating device or structure, such as the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic arch, when connected to effectors providing negative feedback. [G., baros, weight, pressure, + statos, made to stand]

barotaxis barotaxis (bar-o-tak´sis)

Reaction of living tissue to changes in pressure.barotropism; [G. baros, weight, + taxis, order]

barotitis media barotitis media (bar-o-tI´tis me´de-a)

aerotitis media

barotrauma barotrauma (bar´o-traw´ma)

A term once used to describe injury to the middle ear or paranasal sinuses, resulting from imbalance between ambient pressure and that within the affected cavity. Now mostly used to refer to lung injury that occurs when a patient is on a ventilator and is subjected to excessive airway pressure (pulmonary barotrauma). [G. baros, weight, + trauma]
otic b. injury caused to the ear by imbalance in pressure between ambient air and the air in the middle ear.
sinus b. injury to paranasal sinuses, resulting from imbalance in pressure between ambient air and air in the paranasal sinuses. See also aerosinusitis.

barotropism barotropism (bar-ot´ro-pizm)

barotaxis [G. baros, weight, + trope, a turning]

Barr Barr

Yvonne M., English virologist, *1932. See Epstein-B. virus.

Barr Barr

Murray L., Canadian microanatomist, *1908. See B. chromatin body.

Barraquer Barraquer

HIgnacio, Spanish ophthalmologist, 1884-1965. See B.'s method.

Barraquer Roviralta Barraquer Roviralta

Luis, Spanish physician, 1855-1928. See Barraquer's disease.

Barré Barré

Jean A., French neurologist, *1880. See B.'s sign; Guillain-B. reflex, syndrome; Landry-Guillain-B. syndrome.

barren barren (bar´en)

Unable to produce a pregnancy. [M.E. bareyne]

Barrett Barrett

Norman R., British physician, *1903. See adenocarcinoma in B.'s esophagus; B. esophagus, epithelium, syndrome.

barrier barrier (bar´e-er)

1. An obstacle or impediment. 2. In psychiatry, a conflictual agent that blocks behavior which could help resolve a personal struggle. [M.E., fr. O.Fr. barriere, fr. L.L. barraria]
blood-air b. the material intervening between alveolar air and the blood; it consists of a nonstructural film or surfactant, alveolar epithelium, basement lamina, and endothelium.
blood-aqueous b. a selectively permeable b. between the capillary bed in the processes of the ciliary body and the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye; consists of two layers of simple cuboidal epithelium joined at their apical surfaces with junctional complexes.
blood-brain b. (BBB) a selective mechanism opposing the passage of most ions and large-molecular weight compounds from the blood to brain tissue located in a continuous layer of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions; similar capillaries are found in the retina, iris, inner ear, and within the endoneurium of peripheral nerves.
blood-cerebrospinal fluid b. , blood-CSF b. a b. located at the tight junctions which surround and connect the cuboidal epithelial cells on the surface of the choroid plexus; capillaries and connective tissue stroma of the choroid do not represent a b. to protein tracers or dyes.
incest b. in psychoanalysis, the learning or internalization of parental and social prohibitions against incest.
placental b. placental membrane

Bart Bart

Bruce J., U.S. dermatologist, *1936. See B.'s syndrome.

Bart Bart

Nickname of St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, where hemoglobin Bart's was first isolated from a patient.

Bartels Bartels

Peter H., German scientist in U.S., specializing in optics and computer science, *1929.

Barth Barth

Jean, Strasburg physician, 1806-1877. See B.'s hernia.

Bartholin Bartholin

Thomas, Danish anatomist, 1616-1680. See B.'s anus.

Bartholin Bartholin

Casper, Danish anatomist, 1655-1738. See B.'s abscess, cyst, cystectomy, duct, gland.

bartholinitis bartholinitis (bar-to-lin-I´tis)

Inflammation of a vulvovaginal (Bartholin's) gland.

Bartley Bartley

Samuel H., U.S. psychologist, *1901. See Brücke-B. phenomenon.

Barton Barton

John Rhea, U.S. surgeon, 1794-1871. See B.'s bandage, forceps, fracture.

Bartonella Bartonella (bar-to-nel´a)

A genus of bacteria (family Bartonellaceae) placed in the order Rickettsiales; these organisms multiply in fixed-tissue cells and in erythrocytes and reproduce by binary fission; they are found in man and in arthropod vectors. [A. L. Barton]
B. bacillifor´mis a species found in the blood and epithelial cells of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver in Oroya fever (it is the cause of Oroya fever) and in blood and eruptive elements in verruga peruana; probably also found in sandflies (Phlebotomus verrucarum); known to be established only on the South American continent and perhaps in Central America; it is the type species of the genus B.

bartonellosis bartonellosis (bar-to-nel-o´sis)

A disease, endemic in certain valleys of the Andes in Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Colombia, caused by Bartonella bacilliformis which is transmitted by the bite of the nocturnally biting sandfly, Phlebotomus verrucarum; occurs in three forms: 1) Oroya fever; 2) verruca peruana 3) a combination or sequence of these.

Bart's syndrome Bart's syndrome

See under syndrome.

Bartter Bartter

Frederic C., U.S. physician, 1914-1983. See B.'s syndrome.

Baruch Baruch

Simon, U.S. physician, 1840-1921. See B.'s law.

baruria baruria (bar-yu´re-a)

Rarely used term for excretion of urine that has an unusually high specific gravity, e.g., greater than 1.025 to 1.030. [G. barys, heavy, + ouron, urine]

bary- bary-

Heavy. [G. barys]

barye barye (ba´re)

The CGS unit of pressure, equal to 1 dyne/cm² or 10^-6 bar. See bar (1). [G. barys, heavy]

baryta baryta (ba-rI´ta)

barium oxide [G. barytes, weight]

baryto- baryto-

Prefix indicating the presence of barium in a mineral.

basad basad (ba´sad)

In a direction toward the base of any object or structure.

basal basal (ba´sal)

1. Situated nearer the base of a pyramid-shaped organ in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of apical.basalis [NA]; 2. In dentistry, denoting the floor of a cavity in the grinding surface of a tooth. 3. Denoting a standard or reference state of a function, as a basis for comparison. More specifically, denoting the exact conditions for measurement of basal metabolic rate (q.v.); b. conditions do not always denote a minimum value, e.g., metabolic rate in sleep is usually less than the b. rate, but is inconvenient for standard measurement.

basalioma basalioma (ba-sal-e-o´ma)

Obsolete term for basal cell carcinoma.

basalis basalis (ba-sa´lis) [NA]

basal (1) [L.]
norma b. [NA] external base of skull

basaloid basaloid (ba´sa-loyd)

Resembling that which is basal, but not necessarily basal in origin or position.

basaloma basaloma (ba-sa-lo´ma)

Obsolete term for basal cell carcinoma.

basal ration basal ration

Minimal diet containing only essential components.

Basan Basan

Marianne, 20th century German physician. See Basan's syndrome.

Basan's syndrome Basan's syndrome

See under syndrome.

base base (bas)

1. The lower part or bottom; the part of a pyramidal or cone-shaped structure opposite the apex; the foundation.basis [NA], basement (1); 2. In pharmacy, the chief ingredient of a mixture. 3. In chemistry, an electropositive element (cation) that unites with an anion to form a salt; a compound ionizing to yield hydroxyl ion.alkali (2); See also Broonsted b., Lewis b. 4. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds (e.g., purines, pyrimidines, amines, alkaloids, ptomaines) that act as Broonsted b.'s. 5. Cations, or substances forming cations. [L. and G. basis]
acrylic resin b. a form made of acrylic resin molded to conform to the tissues of the alveolar process and used to support the teeth of a prosthesis.
aldehyde base obsolete term for an imide.
anterior cranial b. anterior cranial fossa
b. of arytenoid cartilage the part of the arytenoid cartilage that articulates with the cricoid cartilage and from which the muscular process extends laterally and the vocal process projects anteriorly.basis cartilaginis arytenoideae [NA];
b. of bladder fundus of urinary bladder
b. of brain the inferior surface of the brain visible when seen from below.facies inferior cerebri [NA], basis cerebri, inferior cerebral surface;
Broonsted b. any molecule or ion that combines with a proton; e.g., OH^-, CN^-, NH₃; this definition replaces the older and more limited concepts of base (3).
cavity preparation b. cement b
cement b. in dentistry, a layer of dental cement, sometimes medicated, that is placed in the deep portion of a cavity preparation to protect the pulp, reduce the bulk of a metallic restoration, or eliminate undercuts.cavity preparation b;
b. of cochlea the enlarged part of the cochlea that is directed posteriorly and medially and lies close to the internal acoustic meatus.basis cochleae [NA];
cranial b. b. of skull
denture b. 1. that part of a denture which rests on the oral mucosa and to which teeth are attached; 2. that part of a complete or partial denture which rests upon the basal seat and to which teeth are attached.saddle (2);
external b. of skull external aspect of the b. of skullnorma basilaris [NA], basis cranii externa [NA], norma inferior, norma ventralis;
b. of heart that part of the heart that lies opposite the apex, formed mainly by the left atrium but to a small extent by the posterior part of the right atrium; it is directed backward and to the right and is separated from the vertebral column by the esophagus and aorta.basis cordis [NA];
hexone b.'s , histone b.'s the a-amino acids arginine, histidine, and lysine, which are basic by virtue of the presence in the side chains of a guanidine, imidazole, and amine group, respectively; the term "hexone" is a misnomer since histidine does not have six carbons.
b. of hyoid bone body of hyoid bone
internal b. of skull the interior aspect of the skull b. on which the brain rests; the floor of the cranial cavity. See also b. of skull.basis cranii interna [NA];
Lewis b. a b. that is an electron-pair donor.
b. of lung the lower concave part of the lung that rests upon the convexity of the diaphragm.basis pulmonis [NA];
b. of mandible the rounded inferior border of the body of the mandible.basis mandibulae [NA];
b. of metacarpal bone the expanded proximal extremity of each metacarpal that articulates with one or more of the distal row of carpal bones.basis ossis metacarpalis [NA];
metal b. a metallic portion of a denture b. forming a part of the wall of the basal surface of the denture; it serves as a b. for the attachment of the plastic (resin) part of the denture and the teeth.
b. of metatarsal bone the expanded proximal extremity of each metatarsal bone; it articulates with one or more of the distal row of tarsal bones.basis ossis metatarsalis [NA];
methamphetamine b. a form of methamphetamine that can be readily volatilized.
b. of modiolus the part of the modiolus enclosed by the basal turn of the cochlea; it faces the lateral end of the internal acoustic meatus. See cochlear area.basis modioli [NA];
nucleic acid b. a purine or pyrimidine; found in naturally occurring nucleic acids such as DNA.
nucleinic b. obsolete term for purine.
ointment b. the vehicle into which active ingredients may be incorporated. Petrolatum (which may be stiffened with wax) is the most widely used greasy ointment b. and is suitable for the incorporation of oleaginous materials. lin-containing b.'s will absorb water (and dissolved materials) and form water-in-oil type emulsions. Water soluble (washable) b.'s are often derived from polymers of ethylene glycol (PEGS); these will absorb water and ingredients dissolved in the water. Ointment b.'s are usually pharmacologically inert but may entrap water and serve to keep the skin from dying or to provide an emollient protective film.
b. of patella the superior border of the patella to which the tendon of the rectus femoris attaches.basis patellae [NA];
b. of phalanx the expanded proximal end of each phalanx in the hand or foot that articulates with the head of the next proximal bone in the digit.basis phalangis [NA];
pressor b. 1. one of several products of intestinal putrefaction believed to cause functional hypertension when absorbed; 2. any alkaline substance that raises blood pressure.pressor amine, pressor substance;
b. of prostate the broad upper surface of the prostate contiguous with the bladder wall.basis prostatae [NA];
purine b. a purine.
pyrimidine b. a pyrimidine.
record b. baseplate
b. of renal pyramid the outer broad part of a renal pyramid that lies next to the cortex.basis pyramidis renis [NA];
b. of sacrum the upper end of the sacrum that articulates with the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra in the midline and the alae on either side.basis ossis sacri [NA];
Schiff b. R-CH=N-R´;condensation products of aldehydes and ketones with primary amine; the compounds are stable if there is at least one aryl group on the nitrogen or carbon. Cf. ketimine. aldimine;
shellac b. a resinous wafer adapted to maxillary or mandibular casts to form baseplates.
b. of skull the sloping floor of the cranial cavity. It comprises both the external b. of skull (external view) and the internal b. of skull (internal view). See also internal b. of skull.basis cranii, cranial b;
b. of stapes the flat portion of the stapes that fits in the oval window.basis stapedis [NA], footplate (1), foot-plate;
temporary b. baseplate
tinted denture b. a denture b. that simulates the coloring and shading of natural oral tissues.
b. of tongue root of tongue
tooth-borne b. the denture b. restoring an edentulous area which has abutment teeth at each end for support; the tissue which it covers is not used for support.
trial b. baseplate
vegetable b. alkaloid
wobble b. the 3´ codon b. that is less strictly specified in the genetic code. See also wobble, wobble hypothesis.

basedoid basedoid (bahz´e-doyd)

Rarely used term denoting a condition resembling Graves' disease (Basedow's disease), but without toxic symptoms.

Basedow Basedow

Karl A. von, German physician, 1799-1854. See B.'s disease, pseudoparaplegia; Jod-B. phenomenon; B.'s goiter.

basedowian basedowian (bahz-e-do´e-an)

Rarely used to denote terms described by or attributed to K. Basedow.

basement basement (bas´ment)

1. base (1) 2. A cavity or space partly or completely separated from a larger space above it.

baseplate baseplate (bas´plat)

A temporary form representing the base of a denture; used for making maxillomandibular (jaw) relation records and for the arrangement of teeth.record base, temporary base, trial base;
stabilized b. a b. lined with plastic material to improve its fit and stability.

base-stacking base-stacking

A clustering of DNA or RNA bases in which the rings lie on top of each other.

bas-fond bas-fond (bah-fawn´)

fundus of urinary bladder

Basham's mixture Basham's mixture

ferric and ammonium acetate solution

basi- basi- , basio- , baso-

Base; basis. [G. and L. basis]

basialis basialis (ba-se-a´lis)

Relating to a basis or the basion.

basialveolar basialveolar (ba´se-al-ve´o-lar)

Relating to both basion and alveolar points; denoting especially the b. length, or the shortest distance between these two points.

basic basic (ba´sik)

Relating to a base.

basicity basicity (ba-sis´i-te)

1. The valence or combining power of an acid, or the number of replaceable atoms of hydrogen in its molecule. 2. The characteristic(s) of being a chemical base.

basic life support basic life support

Emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation, control of bleeding, treatment of shock, acidosis, and poisoning, stabilization of injuries and wounds, and basic first aid.

basicranial basicranial (ba´si-kra´ne-al)

Relating to the base of the skull.

Basidiobolus Basidiobolus (ba-sid´e-o-bo´lus)

A genus of fungi belonging to the class Zygomycetes. B. haptosporus has been isolated from cases of zygomycosis (entomophthoramycosis basidiobolae) in humans, especially in Indonesia, tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia. [Mod. L. basidium, dim. of G. basis, base, + L. bolus, fr. G. bolos, lump or clod]

Basidiomycetes Basidiomycetes (ba-sid´e-o-mI-set´ez)

One of the four major classes of fungi, characterized by a spore-bearing organ (basidium), usually a single clavate cell, which bears basidiospores after karyogamy and meiosis. The class comprises the smuts, rusts, mushrooms, and puffballs. Excluding mycotoxins, there is only one human pathogen, the basidiomycetous stage of Cryptococcus neoformans. [Mod. L. basidium, dim. of G. basis, base, + mykes (myket), fungus]

Basidiomycota Basidiomycota (ba-sid´e-o-mI-ko- ta)

A phylum of fungi characterized by a spore-bearing organ, the basidium, that is usually a clavate cell that bears basidiospores after karyogamy and meiosis. Some mycologists have raised the class Basidiomycetes to the phylum or division level.

basidiospore basidiospore (ba-sid´e-o-spor)

A fungal spore borne on a basidium, characteristic of the class Basidiomycetes. [G. basidon, small base, + sporos, seed]

basidium basidium, pl. basidia (ba-sid´e-um, -a)

A cell or spore-bearing organ usually club-shaped that is characteristic of the Basidiomycota. It bears basidiospores externally after karyogamy and meiosis. It is composed of a swollen terminal cell situated on a slender stalk, and gives rise to slender filaments (sterigmata), usually four in number, from the ends of which the basidospores are developed. [L., fr G. basis, base]

basifacial basifacial (ba´si-fa´shal)

Relating to the lower portion of the face.

basihyal basihyal (ba´si-hI´al)

body of hyoid bone

basihyoid basihyoid (ba-ze-hI´oyd)

body of hyoid bone

basilar basilar , basilaris (bas´i-lar, bas-i-la´ris)

Relating to the base of a pyramidal or broad structure.

basilateral basilateral (ba´si-lat´er-al)

Relating to the base and one or more sides of any part.

basilemma basilemma (ba-si-lem´a)

basement membrane [basi- + G. lemma, rind]

basilicus basilicus (ba-sil´i-kus)

Denoting a prominent or important part or structure. [L. fr. G. basilikos, royal]

basin basin (ba´sin)

A receptacle for fluids.
emesis b. , kidney b. a shallow b. of curved, kidney-shaped design, used to collect body fluids or as a container for various other liquids.
pus b. a receptacle curved so as to fit closely the surface to which it is applied, used to receive the pus from a wound during its cleansing and redressing.

basinasal basinasal (ba´si-na´sal)

Relating to the basion and the nasion; denoting especially the b. length, or the shortest distance between the two points.

basio- basio-

See basi-.

basioccipital basioccipital (ba´se-ok-sip´i-tal)

Relating to the basilar process of the occipital bone.

basiocciput basiocciput (ba-ze-ok´se-put)

basilar part of the occipital bone

basioglossus basioglossus (ba-se-o-glos´us)

The portion of the hyoglossus muscle that originates from the body of the hyoid bone.

basion basion (ba´se-on) [NA]

The middle point on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum, opposite the opisthion. [G. basis, a base]

basipetal basipetal (ba-sip´e-tal)

1. In a direction toward the base. 2. Pertaining to asexual conidial production in fungi, in which successive budding of the basal conidium forms in an unbranched chain with the youngest at the base. [basi- + L. peto, to seek]

basiphobia basiphobia (bas-i-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of walking. [G. basis, a stepping, + phobos, fear]

basis basis (ba´sis) [NA]

base (1) [L. and G.]
b. cartilag´inis arytenoi´deae [NA] base of arytenoid cartilage
b. cer´ebri base of brain
b. coch´leae [NA] base of cochlea
b. cor´dis [NA] base of heart
b. cra´nii base of skull
b. cra´nii exter´na [NA] * official alternate term for external base of skull
b. cra´nii inter´na [NA] internal base of skull
b. mandib´ulae [NA] base of mandible
b. modi´oli [NA] base of modiolus
b. os´sis metacarpa´lis [NA] base of metacarpal bone
b. os´sis metatarsa´lis [NA] base of metatarsal bone
b. os´sis sa´cri [NA] base of sacrum
b. patel´lae [NA] base of patella
b. pedun´culi the base of the midbrain consisting of the crus cerebri and substantia nigra. See also cerebral peduncle.
b. phalan´gis [NA] base of phalanx
b. pro´statae [NA] base of prostate
b. pulmo´nis [NA] base of lung
b. pyram´idis re´nis [NA] base of renal pyramid
b. stape´dis [NA] base of stapes

basisphenoid basisphenoid (ba´si-sfe´noyd)

Relating to the base or body of the sphenoid bone; denoting the independent center of ossification in the embryo that forms the posterior portion of the body of the sphenoid bone.

basitemporal basitemporal (ba´si-tem´po-ral)

Relating to the lower part of the temporal region.

basivertebral basivertebral (ba´si-ver´te-bral)

Relating to the body of a vertebra.

basket basket

1. A basket-like arborization of the axon of cells in the cerebellar cortex, surrounding the cell body of Purkinje cells. 2. Any basket-like device or structure. [M.E., from Celtic]
fibrillar b.'s the scleral end of neuroglia fibers of Müller that as fine, tapering, needlelike fibrillae ascend the proximal parts of rods and cones, giving them a fibrillar appearance.
stone b. an instrument passed through an endoscope to capture and extract urinary calculi.

Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA) Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA)

The name adopted in 1895 in Basel, Switzerland (French spelling, Basle) by members of the German Anatomical Society which met to compile a Latin nomenclature of anatomical terms. Revisions of the resulting nomenclature were published at intervals until, in 1955 in Paris, France, the international membership of the Congress of Anatomists adopted a modification of the Basle Nomina Anatomica terminology. That modification dropped the reference to the original meeting place. See Nomina Anatomica.

baso- baso-

See basi-.

basocyte basocyte (ba´so-sIt)

basophilic leukocyte [G. basis, base, + kytos, cell]

basocytopenia basocytopenia (ba´so-sI-to-pe´ne-a)

basophilic leukopenia

basocytosis basocytosis (ba´so-sI-to´sis)

basophilic leukocytosis

basoerythrocyte basoerythrocyte (ba´so-e-rith´ro-sIt)

A red blood cell that manifests changes of basophilic degeneration, such as basophilic stippling, punctate basophilia, or basophilic granules.

basoerythrocytosis basoerythrocytosis (ba´so-e-rith´ro-sI-to´sis)

An increase of red blood cells with basophilic degenerative changes, frequently observed in diseases characterized by prolonged hypochromic anemia.

basograph basograph (ba´so-graf)

An instrument that makes graphic records of abnormalities of gait. [baso- + G. grapho, to write]

basolateral basolateral (ba-so-lat´er-al)

Basal and lateral; specifically used to refer to one of the two major cytological divisions of the amygdaloid complex. See amygdaloid body.

basometachromophil basometachromophil , basometachromophile (ba´so-met-a-kro´mo-fil, -fIl)

Staining metachromatically with a basic dye. See metachromasia.

basopenia basopenia (ba-so-pe´ne-a)

basophilic leukopenia [baso- + G. penia, poverty]

basophil basophil , basophile (ba´so-fil, -fIl)

1. A cell with granules that stain specifically with basic dyes. 2. basophilic 3. A phagocytic leukocyte of the blood characterized by numerous basophilic granules containing heparin and histamine; except for its segmented nucleus, it is morphologically and physiologically similar to the mast cell though they originate from different stem cells in the bone marrow. [baso- + G. phileo, to love]
tissue b. mast cell

basophilia basophilia (ba-so-fil´e-a)

1. A condition in which there is more than the usual number of basophilic leukocytes in the circulating blood (basophilic leukocytosis) or an increase in the proportion of parenchymatous basophilic cells in an organ (in the bone marrow, basophilic hyperplasia). 2. A condition in which basophilic erythrocytes are found in circulating blood, as in certain instances of leukemia, advanced anemia, malaria, and plumbism.Grawitz' b; basophilism;
Grawitz' b. basophilia (2)
punctate b. stippling (1)

basophilic basophilic (ba´so-fil´ik)

Denoting tissue components having an affinity for basic dyes under specific pH conditions.basophil (2), basophile;

basophilism basophilism (ba-sof´i-lizm)

basophilia
Cushing's b. Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's pituitary b. Cushing's disease

basophilocyte basophilocyte (ba-so-fil´o-sIt)

basophilic leukocyte

basoplasm basoplasm (ba´so-plazm)

That part of the cytoplasm that stains readily with basic dyes.

Bassen Bassen

Frank A., U.S. physician, *1903. See B.-Kornzweig syndrome.

Bassini Bassini

Edoardo, Italian surgeon, 1844-1924. See B.'s operation.

Bassler Bassler

Anthony, U.S. physician, 1874-1959. See B.'s sign.

bassorin bassorin (bas´or-in)

The insoluble portion (60 to 70%) of tragacanth that swells to form a gel; it contains complex methoxylated acids, particularly bassoric acid.

Bastedo Bastedo

Walter A., U.S. physician, 1873-1952. See B.'s sign.

bat bat

A member of the mammalian order Chiroptera. [M.E. bakke]
vampire b. a member of the genus Desmodus; an important reservoir host of rabies virus in Central and South America.

bath bath

1. Immersion of the body or any of its parts in water or any other yielding or fluid medium, or application of such medium in any form to the body or any of its parts. 2. Apparatus used in giving a b. of any form, qualified according to the medium used, the temperature of the medium, the form in which the medium is applied, the medicament added to the medium, or according to the part bathed. 3. Fluid used for maintenance of metabolic activities or growth of living organisms, e.g., cells derived from body tissue. [A.S. baeth]
colloid b. a b. prepared by adding soothing agents such as sodium bicarbonate or oatmeal to the b. water to relieve skin irritation and pruritus.
contrast b. a b. in which a part is immersed in hot water for a period of a few minutes and then in cold, the hot and cold periods alternated regularly at intervals, usually half-hours; used to increase the blood flow to the part.
douche b. the local application of water in the form of a large jet or stream.
dousing b. a luminous electric hot air b. given at a very high temperature.
electric b. , electrotherapeutic b. 1. a b. in which the medium is charged with electricity;hydroelectric b; 2. therapeutic application of static electricity, with the patient placed on an insulated platform.
Greville b. an obsolete treatment with nonluminous electric hot air given at a very high temperature.
hafussi b. a modification of the Nauheim treatment, with only the hands and feet of the patient being immersed in hot water through which carbon dioxide gas is made to pass. [Ger. hand, hand, + fuss, foot]
hydroelectric b. electric b. (1)
immersion b. a therapeutic b. in which the whole person or a body part is totally immersed in the therapeutic substance.
light b. therapeutic exposure of the skin to radiant light.
Nauheim b. Nauheim treatment
needle b. a b. in which water is projected forcibly against the body in many very fine jets.
oil b. in chemistry, a vessel containing oil, in which a container holding a substance to be heated or evaporated can be immersed.
sand b. in chemistry, an arrangement whereby a substance to be treated is in a vessel protected from the direct action of fire by a layer of sand.
sitz b. immersion of only the perineum and buttocks, with the legs being outside the tub. [Ger. sitzen, to sit]
water b. in chemistry, a vessel containing water, in which a container holding a substance to be heated or evaporated can be immersed.

bathmotropic bathmotropic (bath-mo-tro´pik)

Influencing nervous and muscular irritability in response to stimuli. [G. bathmos, threshold, + trope, a turning]
negatively b. lessening nervous or muscular irritability.
positively b. increasing nervous or muscular irritability.

batho- batho-

Depth. See also bathy-. [G. bathos, depth]

bathochromic bathochromic (bath-o-kro´mik)

Denoting the shift of an absorption spectrum maximum to a longer wavelength. [batho- + G. chroma, color]

bathoflore bathoflore (bath´o-flor)

An atom or group of atoms that, by its presence in a molecule, shifts the latter's fluorescent radiation in the direction of longer wavelength, or reduces the fluorescence. Cf. auxoflore.

bathophobia bathophobia (bath-o-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of deep places or of looking into them. [G. bathos, depth, + phobos, fear]

bathy- bathy-

Depth. See also batho-. [G. bathys, deep]

bathyanesthesia bathyanesthesia (bath´e-an-es-the´ze-a)

Loss of deep sensibility, i.e., from muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, and joints. [G. bathys, deep, + an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]

bathycardia bathycardia (bath-e-kar´de-a)

A condition in which the heart occupies a lower position than normal but is fixed there, as distinguished from cardioptosia. [G. bathys, deep, + kardia, heart]

bathyesthesia bathyesthesia (bath´e-es-the´ze-a)

General term for all sensation from the tissues beneath the skin, i.e., muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones and joints. See also myesthesia.deep sensibility; [G. bathys, deep, + aisthesis, sensation]

bathygastry bathygastry (bath-e-gas´tre)

gastroptosis [G. bathys, deep, + gaster, stomach]

bathyhyperesthesia bathyhyperesthesia (bath-e-hI´per-es-the´ze-a)

Exaggerated sensitiveness deep structures, e.g., muscular tissue. [G. bathys, deep, + hyper, above, + aisthesis, sensation]

bathyhypesthesia bathyhypesthesia (bath-e-hip´es-the´ze-a)

Impairment of sensation in the structures beneath the skin, e.g., muscle tissue. [G. bathys, deep, + hypo, under, + aisthesis, sensation]

batrachotoxin batrachotoxin (ba-tra-ko-tok´sin)

A neurotoxin from the Colombian arrow poison frog (Phyllobates sp.). It is nontoxic when ingested. If it is injected or if there are ulcers present, it will cause an irreversible increase in permeability of sodium ions in nerve membrane; produces paralysis; used in experimental pharmacological studies of neuromuscular transmission. [G. batrachos, frog, + toxin]

Batson Batson

Oscar V., U.S. otolaryngologist, 1894-1979. See B.'s plexus; Carmody-B. operation.

Batten Batten

Frederick E., British ophthalmologist, 1865-1918. See B.-Mayou disease; B. disease.

battery battery (bat´er-e)

A group or series of tests administered for analytic or diagnostic purposes. [M.E. batri, beaten metal, fr. O.Fr. batre, to beat]
Halstead-Reitan b. a b. of neuropsychological tests (category test, tactual performance test, Seashore test, speech sounds perception test, finger oscillation test, trail-making test, dynamometer to measure strength of grip) used to study brain-behavior functions including determining the effects of brain damage on behavior.Tactual Performance Test;

Battle Battle

William H., English surgeon, 1855-1936. See B.'s sign.

Baudelocque Baudelocque

Jean L., French obstetrician, 1746-1810. See B.'s diameter, uterine circle.

Baudelocque Baudelocque

Louis A., French obstetrician, 1800-1864. See B.'s operation.

Bauer Bauer

Walter, U.S. internist, *1898. See B.'s syndrome.

Bauer Bauer

Hans, 20th century German anatomist. See B.'s chromic acid leucofuchsin stain.

Bauhin Bauhin

Gaspard, Swiss anatomist, 1560-1624. See B.'s gland, valve.

Baumé Baumé

Antoine, French chemist and pharmacist, 1728-1805. See B. scale.

Baumès symptom Baumès symptom

See under symptom.

Baumgarten Baumgarten

P. Clemens von, German pathologist, 1848-1928. See B.'s veins, under vein; Cruveilhier-B. disease, murmur, sign, syndrome.

bay bay (ba)

1. In anatomy, a recess containing fluid. 2. Especially, the lacrimal b.
celomic b. 1. medial and lateral recesses at either side of the urogenital mesentery of the embryo; 2. superior recess of the vestibule of the lesser peritoneal space; with the formation of the diaphragm, a portion of the right recess is cut off and becomes the infracardiac bursa; the portion below the diaphragm becomes the superior recess of the lesser peritoneal sac; the left recess is lost.pneumatoenteric;
lacrimal b. lacrimal lake

bayberry bark bayberry bark (ba´ber-e)

myrica

Bayes Bayes

Thomas, British mathematician, 1702-1761. See B. theorem.

Bayle Bayle

Antoine L.J., French physician, 1799-1858. See B.'s disease.

Bayley Bayley

Nancy, U.S. psychologist, *1899. See B. Scales of Infant Development, under scale.

baylisascariasis baylisascariasis (ba-le-sas´kar-I-a-sis)

The disease caused by nematode parasites of the genus Baylisascaris; migrating larvae of the raccoon parasite B. procyonis can cause a severe disease of the central nervous system in a variety of wild and domestic animal species and, rarely, in human beings; human disease has been manifested as either a fatal eosinophilic meningoencephalitis or a diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis.

Baylisascaris Baylisascaris (Bay-lis-as´ka-ris)

A genus of ascarid nematodes found in the intestine of mammals.
B. procyonis a large roundworm commonly found in raccoons; has been the cause of human visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans, following accidental ingestion of embryonated B. procyonis eggs in feces of infected raccoons. Central nervous system tissue following systemic migration by larvae of B. is thought to be due to cytotoxic eosinophil ungranule proteins released by the migration of these larvae. Can cause severe disease in a variety of wild and domestic animal species and in human beings. See also visceral larva migrans.

bayonet bayonet (ba-o-net´)

An instrument having a blade or nib that is offset and parallel to the shaft. [Fr. bayonette, fr. Bayonne, France, where first made]

Bazett Bazett

Henry, English cardiologist, *1885. See Bazett's formula.

Bazett's formula Bazett's formula

See under formula.

Bazex Bazex

A., 20th century French physician. See Bazex's syndrome.

Bazin Bazin

Antoine P.E., French dermatologist, 1807-1878. See B.'s disease.

BBB BBB

Abbreviation for blood-brain barrier.

BBC BBC

Abbreviation for bromobenzylcyanide.

BBOT BBOT

Abbreviation for 2,5-bis(5-t-butylbenzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene, a liquid scintillator.

BCG BCG

Abbreviation for Bacille bilié de Calmette-Guérin; ballistocardiograph.

BCNU BCNU

carmustine

bdellin bdellin (del´in)

One of a group of protease inhibitors from the leech. [G. bdella, leech, + -in]

B.D.S. B.D.S.

Abbreviation for Bachelor of Dental Surgery.

B.D.Sc. B.D.Sc.

Abbreviation for Bachelor of Dental Science.

Be Be

Symbol for beryllium.

beaded beaded (bed´ed)

1. Marked by numerous small rounded projections, often arranged in a row like a string of beads. 2. Applied to a series of noncontinuous bacterial colonies along the line of inoculation in a stab culture. 3. Denoting stained bacteria in which more deeply stained granules occur at regular intervals in the organism.

beading beading (be´ding)

1. Numerous small rounded projections, often in a row like a string of beads. 2. The rounded elevation along the border of the tissue surface of the major connectors of a maxillary dental prosthesis. 3. Protection of the formed borders of final impressions for a dental prosthesis done by placement of wax sticks or a plaster-pumice combination adjacent to the borders prior to forming the master cast.
b. of the ribs rachitic rosary

beak beak (bek)

1. The nose of pliers used in dentistry for contouring and adjusting wrought or cast metal dental appliances. 2. Sometimes used to describe a beak-shaped anatomical structure. See rostrum. [L. beccus]

beaker beaker (be´ker)

A thin glass vessel, with a lip (beak) for pouring, used as containers for liquids.

Beale Beale

Lionel S., British physician, 1828-1906. See B.'s cell.

beam beam (bem)

1. Any bar whose curvature changes under load; in dentistry, frequently used instead of "bar." 2. A collimated emission of light or other radiation, such as an x-ray b. [O.H.G. Boum]
Balkan b. Balkan frame
cantilever b. in dentistry, a b. that is supported by only one fixed support at only one of its ends.
continuous b. in dentistry, a b. that continues over three or more supports, those supports not at the b. ends being equally free supports.
electron b. a form of radiation used principally in superficial radiotherapy. See betatron.
restrained b. in dentistry, a b. that has two or more supports, at least one of which permits some freedom of rotation to the point of support but not as much as if the support were a free support.
simple b. in dentistry, a straight b. that has only two supports, one at either end.

bean bean (ben)

The flattened seed, contained in a pod, of various leguminous plants. B.'s of pharmacological significance are alphabetized by specific name. [O.E. bean]

bearing bearing (bar´ing)

A supporting point or surface.
central b. in dentistry, application of forces between the maxillae and mandible at a single point located as near as possible to the center of the supporting areas of the upper and lower jaws; used for the purpose of distributing closing forces evenly throughout the areas of the supporting structures during the recording of maxillomandibular (jaw) relations and during the correction of occlusal errors.

bearing down bearing down

Expulsive effort of a parturient woman in the second stage of labor.

beat beat (bet)

1. To strike; to throb or pulsate. 2. A stroke, impulse, or pulsation, as of the heart or pulse. 3. Activity of a cardiac chamber produced by catching a stimulus generated elsewhere in the heart. [A.S. beatan]
apex b. the visible and/or palpable pulsation made by the apex of the left ventricle as it strikes the chest wall in systole; normally in the fifth intercostal space, about 10 cm to the left of the median line.
atrial capture b. the cardiac cycle resulting when, after a period of A-V dissociation, the atria regain control of the ventricles; atrial depolarization due to retrograde transmission from a ventricular ectopic beat or an electronically paced ventricular impulse.
atrial fusion b. a b. that occurs when the atria are activated in part by the sinus impulse and in part by an ectopic or retrograde impulse from A-V junction or ventricle.
automatic b. in contrast to forced b., an ectopic b. that arises de novo and is not precipitated by the preceding b.; thus escaped and parasystolic b.'s are automatic.automatic contraction;
combination b. fusion b
coupled b.'s beats (usually premature) that recur at a fixed interval from a preceding (usually normal) beat.
dependent b. forced b
Dressler b. fusion b. interrupting a ventricular tachycardia and producing a normally narrow QRS complex as a result of the fusion of two impulses, one impulse from the ventricular tachycardia and the other from a supraventricular focus; Dressler b.'s strongly support the diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia by interruption of it.
dropped b. a heart b. that fails to appear.
echo b. extrasystole produced by the return of an impulse in the heart retrograde to a focus near its origin which then returns antegradely to produce a second depolorization.
ectopic b. a cardiac b. originating elsewhere than at the sinoatrial node.
escape b. , escaped b. an automatic b., usually arising from the A-V junction or ventricle, occurring after the next expected normal b. has defaulted; it is therefore always a late b., terminating a longer cycle than the normal.escape contraction;
forced b. 1. an extrasystole supposedly precipitated in some way by the preceding normal b. to which it is coupled; 2. an extrasystole caused by artificial stimulation of the heart.dependent b;
fusion b. a b. triggered by more than a single electrical impulse, when the wave fronts coincide to act together on a single final pathway of activity; in the electrocardiogram, the atrial or ventricular complex when either atria or ventricles are activated jointly by two simultaneous or nearly simultaneous invading impulses.combination b., mixed b., summation b;
heart b. a complete cardiac cycle, including spread of the electrical impulse and the consequent mechanical contraction.ictus cordis;
interference b. ventricular capture in forms of A-V dissociation due to interference.
mixed b. fusion b
paired b.'s See bigeminy.
parasystolic b. parasystole
premature b. extrasystole
pseudofusion b. an electrocardiographic representation of a cardiac depolarization produced by superimposition of an ineffectual electronic pacemaker spike upon a QRS-complex originating from a spontaneous focus within the heart; the pacemaker spike is ineffectual because the electronic discharge, which it represents graphically, occurred within the absolute refractory period of the spontaneous beat and is therefore not indicative of pacemaker malfunction.
reciprocal b. See reciprocal rhythm.
retrograde b. a b. occurring as an electrical activation of a portion of a heart chamber cephalad to the chamber of origin, e.g., an atrial b. triggered by an impulse originating in the ventricle.
summation b. fusion b
ventricular fusion b. a fusion b. that occurs when the ventricles are activated partly by the descending sinus or A-V junctional impulse and partly by an ectopic ventricular impulse.

Beau Beau

Joseph H.S., French physician, 1806-1865. See B.'s lines, under line.

Beauvaria Beauvaria (bo-va´re-a)

A genus of fungi (class Hyphomycetes). B. bassiana is pathogenic for insects, holds promise in the biologic control of insects, and has produced hyalohyphomycosis in humans.

becanthone hydrochloride becanthone hydrochloride (be-can´thon)

1-{[2- [Ethyl(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amino]ethyl]amino}- 4-methylthioxanthen-9-one;a schistosomicide.

Bechterew Bechterew

Vladimir M. von, Russian neurologist, 1857-1927. See B.'s band, disease; layer of B.; B.'s nucleus, sign; line of B.; band of Kaes-B.; B.-Mendel reflex; Mendel-B. reflex.

Beck Beck

Emil G., U.S. surgeon, 1866-1932. See B.'s method.

Beck Beck

E.V.V., Russian physician. See Bek.

Beck Beck

Claude S., U.S. surgeon, 1894-1971. See B.'s triad.

Becker Becker

Samuel W., U.S. dermatologist, 1894-1964. See B.'s nevus.

Becker Becker

J.P. See B.'s disease.

Becker Becker

Peter Emil, German geneticist, *1908. See B. type tardive muscular dystrophy, type muscular dystrophy.

Becker's stain for spirochetes Becker's stain for spirochetes

See under stain.

Beckmann Beckmann

Ernst O., German chemist, 1853-1923. See B.'s apparatus.

Beckwith Beckwith

John Bruce, U.S. pathologist, *1933. See B.-Wiedemann syndrome.

Béclard Béclard

Pierre A., French anatomist, 1785-1825. See B.'s anastomosis, hernia, triangle.

beclomethasone dipropionate beclomethasone dipropionate (be-klo-meth´a-son)

Dipropionate salt of 9-chloro-11beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione;a topical anti-inflammatory agent; often used by inhalation in asthma.

Becquerel Becquerel

Antoine H., French physicist and Nobel laureate, 1852-1908. See becquerel; B. rays, under ray.

becquerel (Bq) becquerel (Bq) (bek´rel)

The SI unit of measurement of radioactivity, equal to 1 disintegration per second; 1 Bq = 0.027 x 10^-9 Ci. See also absorption. [A.H. Becquerel]

bed bed

1. In anatomy, a base or structure that supports another structure. 2. A piece of furniture used for rest, recuperation, or treatment.
b. of breast structures against which the posterior surface of the breast lies; includes mainly the pectoralis major muscle, but also some serratus anterior and external abdominal oblique muscle; extends from second to sixth rib, and from parasternal to anterior axillary lines.
capillary b. the capillaries considered collectively and their volume capacity for blood.
fracture b. a narrow, extra-firm b. for treatment of fractures; usually incorporates an overhead frame for traction apparatus.
Gatch b. a b. with divided sections for independent elevation of a patient's head and knees.
mud b. a b. in which the mattress consists of semiliquid mud made from special clays, covered with a sheet of plastic material; used to widely distribute the pressure of the body weight over the dependent surface, for patients with burns or large anesthetic areas.
nail b. the area of the corium on which the nail rests; it is extremely sensitive and presents numerous longitudinal ridges on its surface. According to some anatomists, the nail bed is the portion covered by the body of the nail, the nail b. being only the part on which the root of the nail rests.matrix unguis [NA], keratogenous membrane, nail matrix, onychostroma;
parotid b. the structures which surround and contact the parotid, forming the boundaries of the parotid space: anteriorly, the ramus of the mandible flanked by the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles; medially, the pharyngeal wall, carotid sheath and structures originating from the styloid process; posteriorly, the mastoid process, sternocleidomastoid muscle, and posterior belly of the digastric muscle; superiorly, the temporomandibular joint and the tympanic bone and cartilaginous portion of the external acoustic meatus.
b. of stomach the structures against which the posteroinferior surface of the stomach lies, and from which it is separated, for the main part, by the omental bursa; includes diaphragm, left suprarenal gland, upper part of left kidney, splenic artery, anterior aspect of pancreatic body and tail, left colic flexure, and transverse mesocolon.
water b. a mattress in the form of a closed rubber bag filled with water; used to prevent or treat pressure sores by equalizing the distribution of the patient's weight against the support.

bedbug bedbug

Cimex lectularius

bedlam bedlam (bed´lam)

1. Pejorative colloquialism for a mental hospital or institution. 2. A place or scene of wild or riotous behavior. 3. A disturbing uproar. [corruption or contraction of St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital in London]

bedlamism bedlamism (bed´lam-izm)

An obsolete term for acts associated with states of frenzy, excitement, wild tumult, and pandemonium.

Bednar Bednar

Alois, Austrian physician, 1816-1888. See B.'s aphthae, under aphtha.

Bednar Bednar

Blahoslav, 20th century Czech pathologist. See B. tumor.

bedsore bedsore (bed´sor)

decubitus ulcer

bed-wetting bed-wetting

nocturnal enuresis

bee bee

An insect of the genus Apis; the honeybee, A. mellifica, is the source of honey and wax. [A.S. beó, bI]

beech oil beech oil

beechwood tar

beechwood tar beechwood tar (bech´wud)

A thick, oily, dark brown liquid with the odor of creosote; largely used as a source of creosote.beech oil;

Beer Beer

August, German physicist, 1825-1863. See B.-Lambert law; B.'s law.

Beer Beer

Georg J., Austrian ophthalmologist, 1763-1821. See B.'s knife.

beeswax beeswax (bez´waks)

wax (1)
white b. white wax

beeturia beeturia (be-tu´re-a)

Urinary excretion of betacyanin after ingestion of beets, found in most iron-deficient individuals and in some normal persons.betacyaninuria;

Beevor Beevor

Charles E., English neurologist, 1854-1908. See B.'s sign.

Begbie Begbie

James, Scottish physician, 1798-1869. See B.'s disease.

Begg Begg

P. Raymond, Australian orthodontist, *1898. See B. light wire differential force technique.

Béguez César Béguez César

Antonio, Cuban pediatrician. See B.C. disease.

behavior behavior (be-hav´yer)

1. Any response emitted by or elicited from an organism. 2. Any mental or motor act or activity. 3. Specifically, parts of a total response pattern. [M.E., fr. O. Fr. avoir, to have]
adaptive b. any b. that enables an organism to adjust to a particular situation or environment.
adient b. appetitive b
ambient b. aversive b
appetitive b. movement of an organism toward a certain type of stimulus, such as food. Cf. aversive b. adient b;
aversive b. movement of an organism away from a certain type of stimulus, such as electric shock. Cf. appetitive b. ambient b;
coronary-prone b. b. that characterizes type A personality pattern.
health b. combination of knowledge, practices, and attitudes that together contribute to motivate the actions we take regarding health.
hookean b. the b. of a perfectly elastic body; i.e., the strain is directly proportional to the stress. See also Hooke's law.
molar b. in psychology, b. described in large response units rather than smaller ones. Cf. molecular b.
molecular b. in psychology, b. described in small response units rather than larger ones; a specific response. Cf. molar b.
obsessive b. the repetitive stylized b. seen in obsessive-compulsive neurosis.
operant b. b. whose continuation and frequency is determined by its consequences on the doer; central element of behavioral conditioning theory. See conditioning.
passive-aggressive b. apparently compliant b., with intrinsic obstructive or stubborn qualities, to cover deeply felt aggressive feelings that cannot be more directly expressed.
respondent b. b. in response to a specific stimulus; usually associated with classical conditioning. See conditioning.
ritualistic b. automatic b. of psychogenic or cultural origin.
target b. 1. operant 2. in b. modification therapy, the prescribed b.
type A b. a b. pattern characterized by aggressiveness, ambitiousness, restlessness, and a strong sense of time urgency; associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease.
type B b. a b. pattern characterized by the absence or obverse of type A b. characteristics.

behavioral behavioral (be-hav´yer-al)

Pertaining to behavior.

behavioral sciences behavioral sciences

A collective term for those disciplines or branches of science, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, and which derive their theories, concepts, and approaches from the observation and study of the behavior of living organisms.

behaviorism behaviorism (be-hav´yer-izm)

A branch of psychology that formulates, through systematic observation and experimentation, the laws and principles which underlie the behavior of man and animals; its major contributions have been made in the areas of conditioning and learning.behavioral psychology;

behaviorist behaviorist (be-hav´yer-ist)

An adherent of behaviorism.

Behçet Behçet

Hulusi, Turkish dermatologist, 1889-1948. See B.'s disease, syndrome.

behenic acid behenic acid (be-hen´ik)

CH₃(CH₂)₂₀COOH;a constituent of most fats and fish oils; large amounts are found in jamba, mustard seed, rapeseed oils, and cerebrosides.n-docosanoic acid;

Behr Behr

Carl, German ophthalmologist, 1874-1943. See B.'s disease, syndrome.

Behring Behring

Emil A. von, German bacteriologist and Nobel laureate, 1854-1917. See B.'s law.

BEI BEI

Abbreviation for butanol-extractable iodine.

bejel bejel

Nonvenereal endemic syphilis now found chiefly among Arab children; apparently due to Treponema pallidum. See also nonvenereal syphilis. [Ar. bajlah]

Bek Bek (or Beck)

E.V., Russian physician. See Kashin-B. disease.

Békésy Békésy

Georg von, Hungarian biophysicist in U.S. and Nobel laureate, 1899-1972. See B. audiometer, audiometry.

bel bel

Unit expressing the relative intensity of a sound. The intensity in bels is the logarithm (to the base 10) of the ratio of the power of the sound to that of a reference sound. Ordinarily, the reference sound is assumed to be one with a power of 10^-16 watts per sq cm, approximately the threshold of a normal human ear at 1000 Hz. [A.G. Bell, Scottish-U.S. scientist, 1847-1922]

belching belching

eructation [A.S. baelcian]

belemnoid belemnoid (be-lem´noyd)

Dart-shaped. [G. belemnon, a dart, + eidos, resemblance]

Bell Bell

John, Scottish surgeon and anatomist, 1763-1820. See B.'s muscle.

Bell Bell

Sir Charles, Scottish surgeon, anatomist, and physiologist, 1774-1842. See B.'s law; B.-Magendie law; B.'s respiratory nerve, palsy, spasm; external respiratory nerve of B.

belladonna belladonna (bel-a-don´a)

Atropa belladonna (family Solanaceae); a perennial herb with dark purple flowers and shining purplish-black berries; the leaves (0.3% b. alkaloids) and root (0.5% b. alkaloids) orginally were source of atropine and related alkaloids, which are anticholinergic. B. is used as a powder (0.3% b. alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine) and tincture in asthma, colic, and hyperacidity.deadly nightshade; [It. bella, beautiful, + donna, lady]

belladonnine belladonnine (bel-a-don´en)

An artificial alkaloid derived from atropine by warming with hydrochloric acid.

bell-crowned bell-crowned (bel´krownd)

Denoting a tooth the crown of which has a cross-sectional diameter much greater than that of the neck.

belle indifference belle indifference

See la belle indifférence.

Bellini Bellini

Lorenzo, Italian physician and anatomist, 1643-1704. See B.'s ducts, under duct, ligament.

belly belly (bel´e)

1. The abdomen. 2. The wide swelling part of a muscle.venter (2); 3. Popularly, the stomach or womb. [O.E. belig, bag]
anterior b. of digastric muscle the portion of the digastric muscle which extends anteriorly from the intermediate tendon, and attaches to the posterior aspect of the mandible.venter anterior musculi digastrici [NA];
b.'s of digastric muscle See anterior b. of digastric muscle, posterior b. of digastric muscle.
frontal b. of occipitofrontalis muscle the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle. See occipitofrontalis muscle.venter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis [NA], frontalis muscle;
inferior b. of omohyoid b. the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle, attached to the superior border of the scapula.venter inferior musculi omohyoidei [NA];
occipital b. of occipitofrontalis muscle the posterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle. See occipitofrontalis muscle.venter occipitalis musculi occipitofrontalis [NA], occipitalis muscle;
b.'s of omohyoid muscle See inferior b. of omohyoid b., superior b. of omohyoid muscle.
posterior b. of digastric muscle portion of digastric muscle posterior to the intermediate tendon, attaching to the digastric groove of the temporal bone.venter posterior musculi digastrici [NA];
prune b. See abdominal muscle deficiency syndrome.
superior b. of omohyoid muscle the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle, attached to the hyoid bone.venter superior musculi omohyoidei [NA];

bellyache bellyache (bel´e-ak)

Colloquialism for abdominal pain, usually colicky.

belly button belly button (bel´e but´on)

umbilicus

belonephobia belonephobia (bel´o-ne-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of needles, pins, and other sharp-pointed objects. [G. belone, needle, + phobos, fear]

Belsey Belsey

Ronald, 20th century British surgeon. See B. Mark IV operation, Mark IV procedure, Mark V procedure.

bemegride bemegride (bem´e-grId)

3-Ethyl-3-methylglutarimide;a central nervous system stimulant formerly used as an analeptic in intoxications due to barbiturates and other central nervous system depressant drugs.

ben ben

Abbreviation for L. bene, well.

benactyzine hydrochloride benactyzine hydrochloride (ben-ak´ti-zen)

2-Diethylaminoethyl benzilate hydrochloride;an anticholinergic drug with the same actions but with approximately only one-fifth the activity of atropine; it is thought to raise the threshold of emotional reaction to external stimuli; now rarely used as a psychotherapeutic and tranquilizing agent.

Bence Jones Bence Jones

Henry, British physician, 1814-1873. See B.J. albumin, cylinders, under cylinder, myeloma, proteins, under protein, reaction.

bendazac bendazac (ben´da-zak)

[(1-Benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)oxy]-acetic acid;a topical anti-inflammatory agent.

Bender Bender

Lauretta, U.S. psychiatrist, 1897-1987. See B. gestalt test, Visual Motor Gestalt test.

bendrofluazide bendrofluazide (ben-dro-flu´a-zId)

bendroflumethiazide

bendroflumethiazide bendroflumethiazide (ben´dro-flu´me-thI´a-zId)

3-benzyl-3,4-dihydro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide-1,1-dioxide;a thiazide diuretic and antihypertensive agent.bendrofluazide;

bends bends (bendz)

Colloquism for caisson sickness; decompression sickness. [fr. convulsive posture of those so afflicted]

beneceptor beneceptor (ben´e-sep´ter, tor)

A nerve organ or mechanism (ceptor) for the appreciation and transmission of stimuli of a beneficial character. Cf. nociceptor. [L. bene, well, + capio, to take]

Benedek Benedek

Ladislaus (László), Austrian neurologist, 1887-1945. See B.'s reflex.

Benedict Benedict

Stanley R., U.S. chemist, 1884-1936. See B.'s solution, test for glucose; B.-Hopkins-Cole reagent.

Benedict Benedict

Francis G., U.S. metabolist, 1870-1957. See B.-Roth apparatus, calorimeter.

Benedikt Benedikt

Moritz, Austrian physician, 1835-1920. See B.'s syndrome.

beneficence beneficence (be-nef´I-sens)

The ethical principle of doing good. [L. beneficentia, fr. bene, well, + facio, to do]

benign benign (be-nIn´)

Denoting the mild character of an illness or the nonmalignant character of a neoplasm. [thru O. Fr., fr. L. benignus, kind]

benne oil benne oil (ben´ne)

sesame oil

Bennett Bennett

Edward H., Irish surgeon, 1837-1907. See B.'s fracture.

Bennett Bennett

Norman G., British dentist, 1870-1947. See B. angle, movement.

Bennhold Bennhold

H., German physician, *1893. See B.'s Congo red stain.

benoxaprofen benoxaprofen (ben-oks-a-pro´fen)

(±)-2-(p-Chlorophenyl)-a-methyl-5- benzoxazoleacetic acid;a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, no longer clinically used.

benperidol benperidol (ben-per´i-dol)

1-{1-[3-(p-Fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-4-piperidyl}-2-benzimidazolin-one;a tranquilizer.benzperidol;

benserazide benserazide (ben-ser´a-zId)

An l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (dopa decarboxylase) inhibitor resembling carbidopa in action; given in combination with levodopa as an antiparkinsonian regimen. The benserazide prevents peripheral destruction of levodopa and thus reduces cardiovascular side effects of treatment.

Bensley Bensley

Robert R., U.S.-Canadian anatomist, 1867-1956. See B.'s specific granules, under granule.

bentiromide bentiromide (ben-tir´o-mId)

4-[[(2-Benzoylamino)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropyl]amino ]benzoic acid;a peptide used as a screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy.

bentonite bentonite (ben´ton-It)

Native colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate; an absorbent clay found in the western U.S.; it is sometimes used in the treatment of diarrhea and skin disorders and was used as a suspending agent in lotions. [Fort Benton, Montana, + -ite]

benz- benz-

Combining form denoting association with benzene.

benzalacetophenone benzalacetophenone (ben´zal-as-e-to-fe´non)

chalcone

benzalcoumaran-3-one benzalcoumaran-3-one (ben-zal-ku´mar-an-thre´on)

aurone

benzaldehyde benzaldehyde (ben-zal´de-hId)

C₆H₅CHO;an aldehyde produced artificially or obtained from oil of bitter almond, containing not less than 80% of b.; a flavoring agent used in orally administered medicines.benzoic aldehyde;

benzalkonium chloride benzalkonium chloride (ben-zal-ko´ne-um)

A mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides in which the alkyls are long-chain compounds (C₈ to C₁₈); a surface-active germicide for many pathogenic nonsporulating bacteria and fungi. Aqueous solutions of this agent have a low surface tension, and possess detergent, keratolytic, and emulsifying properties that aid the penetration and wetting of tissue surfaces.

benzamide benzamide (ben´za-mId)

aminoacylase

benz[a]anthracene benz[a]anthracene (ben-zan´thra-sen)

1,2-benzanthracene;a carcinogenic hydrocarbon.benzanthrene;

benzanthrene benzanthrene (ben-zan´thren)

benz[a]anthracene

benzene benzene (ben´zen)

C₆H₆;the basic structure in most aromatic compounds; a highly toxic hydrocarbon from light coal tar oil; used as a solvent.benzol, coal tar naphtha; [benzoin, + -ene]
b. bromide a lacrimator or tear gas.

benzeneamine benzeneamine (ben-zen´a-men)

aniline

o-benzenedialdehyde o-benzenedialdehyde

o-phthalaldehyde

(gamma)-benzene hexachloride (gamma)-benzene hexachloride

Incorrect name for 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane).

benzestrol benzestrol (ben-zes´trol)

3-Ethyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetate;a synthetic estrogenic substance.

benzethonium chloride benzethonium chloride (benz-e-tho´ne-um)

A synthetic quaternary ammonium compound, one of the cationic class of detergents; germicidal and bacteriostatic.

benzidine benzidine (ben´zi-den)

NH₂C₆H₄C₆ H₄NH₂; p-Diaminodiphenyl;a colorless, crystalline compound used to detect sulfates in water analysis, for the identification of blood, and as a reagent in special stains; because it has been identified as a carcinogen, its current use is limited.

benzimidazole benzimidazole (ben-zim-i-da´zol)

A ring system comprised of a benzene ring fused with an imidazole ring; occurs in nature as part of the vitamin B₁₂ molecule.

benzin benzin , benzine (ben´zin, ben-zen)

petroleum benzin

benzindamine hydrochloride benzindamine hydrochloride (ben-zin´da-men)

benzydamine hydrochloride

benziodarone benziodarone (ben-ze´o-da-ron)

2-Ethyl-3-benzofuranyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl ketone;a coronary vasodilator.

benzoate benzoate (ben´zo-at)

A salt or ester of benzoic acid. The salts are often used as a food preservative.benzoylecgonine

benzoated benzoated (ben´zo-at-ed)

Containing benzoic acid or a benzoate, usually sodium benzoate.

benzocaine benzocaine (ben´zo-kan)

NH₂C₆H₄-COO(C₂H₅);the ethyl ester of p-aminobenzoic acid; a topical anesthetic agent.ethyl aminobenzoate;

benzodiazepine benzodiazepine (ben´zo-dI-az´e-pen)

Parent compound for the synthesis of a number of psychoactive compounds (e.g., diazepam, chlordiazepoxide).

benzoic benzoic (ben-zo´ik)

Relating to or derived from benzoin.

benzoic acid benzoic acid

C₆H₅COOH;occurs naturally in gum benzoin; it is used as a food preservative, locally as a fungistatic, and orally as an antiseptic, diuretic, and expectorant. It is excreted rapidly as hippuric acid.benzoyl hydrate, flowers of benzoin;

benzoic aldehyde benzoic aldehyde

benzaldehyde

benzoin benzoin (ben´zo-in, ben´zoyn)

A balsamic resin obtained from Styrax benzoin (family Styracaceae), used as a stimulant expectorant, but usually by inhalation in laryngitis and bronchitis; it retards rancidification of fats and is used for this purpose in the official benzoinated lard.gum benjamin, gum benzoin; [It. benzoino, fr. Ar. luban jawIy, Javan incense]

benzol benzol (ben´zol)

benzene

benzomorphan benzomorphan (ben-zo-mor´fan)

6,7-Benzomorphan; 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano-3-benzazocine;the parent compound of a series of analgesics including pentazocine and phenazocine; it does not possess analgesic properties itself.

benzonatate benzonatate (ben-zo´na-tat)

Nonaethyleneglycol monomethyl ether p-n-butylaminobenzoate;an antitussive agent related chemically to tetracaine; thought to act by depressing mechanoreceptors in the lungs.

benzopurpurin 4B benzopurpurin 4B (ben-zo-per´pyu-rin) [C.I. 23500]

A red acid dye, C₃₄H₂₆N₆O₆S₂Na₂, formerly used as a plasma stain and as an indicator (changes from violet to red in the pH range 1.2 to 4.0).

1,4-benzoquinone 1,4-benzoquinone (ben-zo-kwin´on)

1. 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione;an essential part of coenzyme Q and vitamin E, reducible to hydroquinone.quinone (2); 2. One of a class of benzoquinone derivatives.

benzoquinonium chloride benzoquinonium chloride (ben´zo-kwI-no´ne-um)

A skeletal muscle relaxant.

benzoresinol benzoresinol (ben-zo-res´i-nol)

A resinous constituent of benzoin.

benzosulfimide benzosulfimide (ben-zo-sul´fi-mId)

saccharin

benzothiadiazides benzothiadiazides (ben´zo-thI-a-dI´a-zIdz)

A class of diuretics that increase the excretion of sodium and chloride and an accompanying volume of water, independent of alterations in acid-base balance; most of the compounds in this group are analogues of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide. See also benzthiazide.

benzoxiquine benzoxiquine (ben-zoks´i-kwin)

8-quinolinol benzoate ester;a disinfectant.benzoxyline;

benzoxyline benzoxyline (ben-zoks´i-len)

benzoxiquine

benzoyl benzoyl (ben´zo-il)

The benzoic acid radical, C₆H₅CO-, forming benzoyl compounds.
b. chloride C₆H₅COCl;a colorless liquid of pungent odor; a reagent for acylation reactions.
b. hydrate benzoic acid
b. peroxide C₆H₅CO-O-O-COC ₆H₅;made by the interaction of sodium peroxide and b. chloride; used in oil as an application to ulcers and to burns and scalds, in promoting the polymerization of dental resins, and as a keratolytic in the treatment of acne.

benzoylcholinesterase benzoylcholinesterase (ben´zo-il-ko-lin-es´ter-as)

Obsolete term for cholinesterase.

benzoylecgonine benzoylecgonine (ben´zo-il-ek´go-nen)

A metabolite of cocaine produced by hydrolysis; it can be found in the urine.benzoate, ecgonine benzoate;

benzoylpas calcium benzoylpas calcium (ben-zo´il-pas)

4-Benzamidosalicylic acid calcium salt;an antituberculous agent.

benzperidol benzperidol (benz-per´i-dol)

benperidol

benzphetamine hydrochloride benzphetamine hydrochloride (benz-fet´a-men)

N-Benzyl-N,a-dimethylphenethylamine hydrochloride;a sympathomimetic agent used as an anorexiant.

benzpyrene benzpyrene (benz-pi´ren)

An environmental carcinogen found in jet fuel exhaust, cigarette smoke, and charcoal broiled meats; a powerful enzyme inducer.

benzpyrinium bromide benzpyrinium bromide (benz-pI-rin´e-um)

1-benzyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide diethylcarbamate;a cholinergic drug with action and uses similar to those of neostigmine.benzstigminum bromidum;

benzquinamide benzquinamide (benz-kwin´a-mId)

A benzoquinoline amide used as an antiemetic agent.

benzstigminum bromidum benzstigminum bromidum (benz-stig´mi-num)

benzpyrinium bromide

benzthiazide benzthiazide (benz-thI´a-zId)

3-[(Benzylthio)methyl]-6-chloro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide;a diuretic and antihypertensive agent.

benztropine mesylate benztropine mesylate (benz-tro´pen)

3-Diphenylmethoxytropane methanesulfonate;a parasympatholytic agent with atropine-like and antihistaminic actions.

benzydamine hydrochloride benzydamine hydrochloride (ben-zid´a-men)

1-benzyl-3-[3-dimethylamino)propoxy]-1H-indazole;an analgesic and antipyretic.benzindamine hydrochloride;

benzyl benzyl (ben´zil)

The hydrocarbon radical, C₆H₅CH₂-.
b. alcohol C₆H₅CH₂OH;possesses local anesthetic and bacteriostatic properties.phenmethylol, phenylcarbinol;
b. benzoate C₆H₅CO-OCH₂C₆H₅;an agent that reduces the contractility of unstriated muscular tissue, possessing marked antispasmodic properties; used now as a pediculicide and scabicide.
b. benzoate-chlorophenothane-ethyl aminobenzoate a mixture of three components used in emulsions or ointments.
b. carbinol phenylethyl alcohol
b. cinnamate trans-cinnamic benzyl ester;a constituent of balsams of Peru, Tolu, and styrax.cinnamein;
b. fumarate (C₆H₅CH₂) OOCCHCHCOO(CH₂C₆H₅; dibenzyl fumarate;used for the same purposes as b. benzoate.
b. mandelate the b. ester of mandelic acid, having an antispasmodic action similar to that of b. benzoate.
b. succinate (C₆H₅CH₂)₂(CH₂CO₂)₂; dibenzyl succinate;action and dosage are the same as those of b. benzoate.

benzylic benzylic (ben-zil´ik)

Relating to or containing benzyl.

benzylidene benzylidene (ben-zil´i-den)

The hydrocarbon radical, C₆H₅CH=.

benzylisoquinolines benzylisoquinolines (ben´zil-I-so-kwin-o-linz)

A group of alkaloids found primarily in poppy plants (Papaveraceae). Curare alkaloids are bisbenzylisoquinolines.

benzyloxycarbonyl (Z, Cbz) benzyloxycarbonyl (Z, Cbz) (ben´zil-ok-se-kar´bon-il)

Amino-protecting radical used (as the chloride) in peptide synthesis, yielding PhCH₂OCO-NHR.carbobenzoxy;

benzylpenicillin benzylpenicillin (ben´zil-pen-i-sil´in)

penicillin G

bephenium hydroxynaphthoate bephenium hydroxynaphthoate (be-fen´e-um hI-droks´e-naf´tho-at)

Benzyldimethyl-(2-phenoxyethyl)ammonium 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate;a drug used against Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms of man); now largely replaced by mebendazole.

BER BER

Abbreviation for basic electrical rhythm.

Beradinelli Beradinelli

Waldemar, Argentinian physician, 1903-1956. See B.'s syndrome.

Bérard Bérard

Auguste, French surgeon, 1802-1846. See B.'s aneurysm.

Béraud Béraud

Bruno J., French surgeon, 1825-1865. See B.'s valve.

berberine berberine (ber´ber-en)

C₂₀H₁₉NO₅; Umbellatine;an alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis (family Berberidaceae); has been used as an antimalarial, antipyretic, and carminative, and externally for indolent ulcers.

bereavement bereavement (be-rev-ment)

An acute state of intense psychological sadness and suffering experienced after the tragic loss of a loved one or some priceless possession. [M.E., bireven, to deprive, + -ment]

Berger Berger

Jean, 20th century French nephrologist. See B.'s disease, focal glomerulonephritis.

Berger Berger

Hans, German neurologist, 1873-1941. See B. rhythm.

Berger Berger

Emil, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1855-1926. See B.'s space.

Berger cells Berger cells

See under cell.

Bergmann Bergmann

Gottlieb H., German neurologist and anatomist, 1781-1861. See B.'s cords, under cord, fibers, under fiber.

Bergmeister Bergmeister

O., Austrian ophthalmologist, 1845-1918. See B.'s papilla.

Berg's stain Berg's stain

See under stain.

beri beri beri beri

See beriberi.

beriberi beriberi , beri beri (ber´e-ber´e)

A specific nutritional deficiency syndrome (a nutritional polyneuropathy), occurring in endemic form in eastern and southern Asia, sporadically in other parts of the world without reference to climate, and sometimes in alcoholics, resulting mainly from a dietary deficiency of thiamin; the "dry" form is characterized by painful polyneurites; sensory nerves are more likely to be affected than motor nerves, with symptoms beginning in the feet and working upward with the hands affected late in the course of the disease; the "wet" form is characterized by edema resulting from a high-output form of heart failure. See also nutritional polyneuropathy.endemic neuritis, kakké, panneuritis endemica; [Singhalese, extreme weakness]
dry b. paraplegic b., affecting chiefly the peripheral nerves; its clinical pattern is predominantly that of a polyneuropathy without associated congestive failure.
infantile b. b. appearing in a breast-fed infants whose mother has b. due to thiamin deficiency. It is mainly the "wet" form of b., characterized by heart failure with marked peripheral edema (which is otherwise unusual in heart failure in infancy). An often fatal disease, acute in onset, which was formerly common in the Far Eastern countries where rice is consumed; reversible with thiamin.
ship b. a form of thiamine deficiency seen among sailors.
wet b. edematous b., in which congestive heart failure occurs in addition to polyneuropthy.

berkelium (Bk) berkelium (Bk) (berk´le-um)

An artificial transuranium radioactive element; atomic no. 97, atomic wt. 247.07. [Berkeley, Calif., city where first prepared]

Berlin Berlin

Rudolf, German ophthalmologist, 1833-1897. See B.'s edema.

Berlin blue Berlin blue [C.I. 77510]

Fe₄(Fe(CN)₆)₃; ferric ferrocyanide;a dye used to color injection masses for blood vessels and lymphatics, and in staining of siderocytes.Prussian blue;

Bernard Bernard

Claude, French physiologist, 1813-1878. See B.'s canal, duct, puncture; B.-Cannon homeostasis; B.-Horner syndrome; B.-Sergent syndrome.

Bernard Bernard

Jean, French physician, *1907. See B.-Soulier disease, syndrome.

Bernays Bernays

Augustus C., U.S. surgeon, 1854-1907. See B.'s sponge.

Bernhardt Bernhardt

Martin, German neurologist, 1844-1915. See B.'s disease; Roth-B. disease; B.-Roth syndrome.

Bernhardt's formula Bernhardt's formula

See under formula.

Bernheim Bernheim

P., early 20th century French physician. See Bernheim's syndrome.

Bernheim's syndrome Bernheim's syndrome

See under syndrome.

Bernoulli Bernoulli

Daniel, Swiss mathematician, 1700-1782. See B. effect; B.'s law, principle, theorem.

Bernoulli trial Bernoulli trial

A single random event for which there are two and only two possible outcomes that are mutually exclusive and have a priori fixed (and complementary) probabilities of resulting. The trial is the realization of this process. Conventionally one outcome is termed a success and is assigned the score 1, the other is a failure and has the score zero. Thus the outcome might be 0 (no heads, one tail) or 1 (1 head, no tails).

Bernstein Bernstein

Lionel M., U.S. internist, *1923. See B. test.

Berry Berry

Sir James, Canadian surgeon, 1860-1946. See B.'s ligaments, under ligament.

Berson Berson

Solomon A., U.S. internist, 1918-1972.. See B. test.

Berthelot Berthelot

Pierre Eugene Marcellin, French chemist, 1827-1907. See B. reaction.

Berthollet Berthollet

Claude L., French chemist, 1748-1822. See B.'s law.

bertiellosis bertiellosis (ber´te-e-lo´sis)

Infection of primates including man with cestodes of the genus Bertiella.

Bertin Bertin

Exupère Joseph, French anatomist, 1712-1781. See B.'s bones, under bone, columns, under column, ligament, ossicles, under ossicle.

Bertrand Bertrand

Ivan Georges, 20th century French neurologist. See Canavan-van Bogaert-Bertrand disease.

berylliosis berylliosis (be-ril-e-o´sis)

Beryllium poisoning characterized by the occurrence of granulomatous fibrosis, especially of the lungs, from chronic inhalation of beryllium.

beryllium (Be) beryllium (Be) (be-ril´e-um)

A white metal element belonging to the alkaline earths; atomic no. 4., atomic wt. 9.012182. [G. beryllos, beryl]

Besnier Besnier

Ernest, French dermatologist, 1831-1909. See B.'s prurigo; B.-Boeck-Schaumann syndrome.

Besnoitia Besnoitia (bes-noy´te-a)

A genus of protozoan parasites (family Besnoitiidae, class Sporozoea), closely related to Toxoplasma, that localize in subcutaneous, connective, serous, and other tissues and are surrounded by a heavy, nucleated wall of host tissue, forming a cyst; hosts include domestic ruminants, reindeer, caribou, rodents, opossums, and reptiles.
B. bennet´ti species occurring in horses and asses in North America and Africa, and causing a chronic disease with scabbing, scarring, and thickening of the skin.
B. besno´iti species causing besnoitiasis of cattle, goats, and larger antelopes in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, South America, and Asia; it primarily causes a chronic low-grade infection; mechanical transmission is by bloodsucking tabanid horseflies.
B. taran´di a species occurring in reindeer and caribou, giving rise to a condition called "cornmeal disease" because of the granular nature of the lesions on the skin.

besnoitiasis besnoitiasis (bes-noy-te-a´sis)

A disease of cattle primarily caused by Besnoitia besnoiti. Cysts occur chiefly in the connective tissue of the skin, nasal mucous membranes, and serous membranes. Following a febrile stage, depilatory and seborrheic changes occur in the skin.besnoitiosis;

Besnoitiidae Besnoitiidae (bes-noy´te-i-de)

A family of protozoan parasites, similar to those of the family Toxoplasmatidae, to which the genus Besnoitia belong.

besnoitiosis besnoitiosis (bes´noy-te-o´sis)

besnoitiasis

Best Best

Franz, German pathologist, 1878-1920. See B.'s disease, carmine stain.

bestiality bestiality (bes-te-al´i-te)

Sexual relations with an animal.zooerastia; [L. bestia, beast]

besylate besylate (bes´il-at)

USAN-approved contraction for benzenesulfonate.

beta beta (ba´ta)

Second letter of the Greek alphabet, beta (see entry at start of letter "B's". [G.]

beta-blocker beta-blocker (ba´ta-blok´er)

beta-adrenergic blocking agent

betacism betacism (ba´ta-sizm)

A defect in speech in which the sound of b is given to other consonants. [G. beta, the second letter of the alphabet]

betacyanin betacyanin (ba´ta-sI-a-nin)

One of several red plant pigments; a betalain. An example is betanin. Elevated in urine of individuals with beeturia. [L. beta, beet, + G. kyanos, dark blue substance, + -in]

betacyaninuria betacyaninuria (ba-ta-sI´a-ni-nu´re-a)

beeturia [betacyanin + G. ouron, urine]

betahistine hydrochloride betahistine hydrochloride (ba-ta-his´ten)

2-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]pyridine dihydrochloride;an inhibitor of diamine oxidase used as a histamine-like agent for treatment of Ménière's disease.

betaine betaine (be´ta-en)

1. (CH₃)₃N⁺- CH₂COO^-;an oxidation product of choline and a transmethylating intermediate in metabolism. 2. A class of compounds related to b.(1) (i.e., R₃N⁼-CHR´-COO^- ).glycine betaine, glycyl betaine, oxyneurine, trimethylglycine, trimethylglycocoll anhydride;
b. aldehyde (CH₃)₃N⁺ -CH₂CHO;an intermediate in the interconversion of betaine and choline.
b. hydrochloride C₅H₁₂ClNO₂; trimethylglycine hydrochloride;an acidifying agent used in the treatment of achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria.

betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase

An oxidizing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of betaine aldehyde with NAD⁺ and water to betaine and NADH; part of the choline oxidase system and of choline metabolism.

betalains betalains (ba´ta-lans)

A group of plant pigments found almost exclusively in the family Centrospermae, for example, betamin.

betamethasone betamethasone (ba-ta-meth´a-son)

Betadexamethasone 9-fluoro-11beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16beta-methyl-1,4-pre gnadiene-3,20-dione; 9a-fluoro-16beta-methylprednisolone;a semisynthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory effects and toxicity similar to those of cortisol; not useful in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency because it causes little sodium retention. For systemic and topical therapy, its actions are similar to those of prednisone, but more potent. Also available as b. sodium phosphate, b. acetate, and b. valerate.

betanidine sulfate betanidine sulfate (be-tan´i-den)

bethanidine sulfate

betanin betanin (ba´ta-nin)

The red pigment in beets (Beta vulgaris); elevated in urine of individuals with beeturia. [fr. betacyanin]

beta sheets beta sheets

a structure of proteins where the peptide is extended and stabilized by hydrogen bonding between NH and CO groups of different polypeptide chains or separate regions of the same chain.

betatron betatron (ba´ta-tron)

A circular electron accelerator that is a source of either high energy electrons or x-rays.

betaxolol hydrochloride betaxolol hydrochloride (be-taks´o-lol)

1-[4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy]-3-isopropylaminopropan-2-ol hydrochloride;a beta-adrenergic blocking agent used primarily in the treatment of ocular hypertension and chronic open-angle glaucoma.

betazole hydrochloride betazole hydrochloride (ba´ta-zol)

An analogue of histamine that stimulates gastric secretion with less tendency to produce the side effects seen with histamine; used, in place of histamine, to measure the gastric secretory response.

betel betel (be´tl)

The dried leaves of Piper betle (family Piperaceae), a climbing East Indian plant; used as a stimulant and narcotic. [Pg. betel, betle, fr. Malayalam or Tamil vetilla]

betel nut betel nut

Areca nut, the nut of the areca palm, Areca catechu (family Palmae), of the East Indies, chewed by the natives; produces central nervous system stimulation; stains teeth and gums red.

bethanechol chloride bethanechol chloride (be-than´e-kol)

Carbamoylmethylcholine chloride; (2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride carbamate;a parasympathomimetic agent, used to relieve constipation, paralytic ileus, and urinary retention.

bethanidine sulfate bethanidine sulfate (be-than´i-den)

1-benzyl-2,3-dimethylguanidine;an adrenergic blocking agent used for palliative treatment of hypertension.betanidine sulfate;

Bethesda-Ballerup Group Bethesda-Ballerup Group

A group of citrate-utilizing, slow lactose-fermenting bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) which share a similar series of antigens with the lactose-fermenting citrobacters; these organisms are now included in the genus Citrobacter without a distinction between prompt and slow lactose fermentation.

Betke-Kleihauer test Betke-Kleihauer test

See under test.

Bettendorff Bettendorff

Anton J., German chemist, 1839-1902. See B.'s test.

betula betula

European white birch, bark and leaves of Betula alba (family Betulaceae); native to Europe, northern Asia, and North America, north of Pennsylvania. It contains betulin (betula camphor), betuloresinic acid, volatile oil, saponins, betulol (sesquiterpine alcohol), apigenin, dimethyl ether, betuloside, gaultherin, methyl salicylate, and ascorbic acid; has odor of wintergreen and is used as a pharmaceutic aid (flavor/aromatic).

betula oil betula oil (bet´yu-la)

See under oil.

Betz Betz

Vladimir A., Russian anatomist, 1834-1894. See B. cells, under cell.

Beuren Beuren

Alois J. See Beuren syndrome.

Bevan-Lewis Bevan-Lewis

William, English physician and physiologist, 1847-1929. See Bevan-Lewis cells, under cell.

bevel bevel (bev´el)

1. A surface having a sloped or slanting edge. 2. The incline that one surface or line makes with another when not at right angles. 3. The edge of a cutting instrument. 4. To create a slanting edge on a body structure.
cavosurface b. the incline of the cavosurface angle of a prepared cavity wall in relation to the plane of the enamel wall.
reverse b. the sloping edge of a cutting instrument.

bevonium methyl sulfate bevonium methyl sulfate (be-vo´ne-um)

2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium methyl sulfate benzylate;an anticholinergic agent.pyribenzyl methyl sulfate;

bezoar bezoar (be´zor)

A concretion formed in the alimentary canal of animals, and occasionally man; formerly considered to be a useful medicine with magical properties and apparently still used for this purpose in some places; according to the substance forming the ball, may be termed trichobezoar (hairball), trichophytobezoar (hair and vegetable fiber mixed), or phytobezoar (foodball). [Pers. padzahr, antidote]

Bezold Bezold

Albert von, German physiologist, 1836-1868. See B.'s ganglion; B.-Jarisch reflex.

Bezold Bezold

Friedrich, German otologist, 1842-1908. See B.'s abscess, mastoiditis, sign, symptom, triad.

BGP BGP

Abbreviation for bone Gla protein.

BHA BHA

Abbreviation for butylated hydroxyanisole.

bhang bhang (bang)

Name given in the East to powdered preparation of Cannabis sativa which is chewed or smoked by the local residents. See also cannabis. [Hind.]

BHN BHN

Abbreviation for Brinell hardness number.

BHT BHT

Abbreviation for butylated hydroxytoluene.

Bi Bi

Symbol for bismuth.

bi- bi-

1. Prefix meaning twice or double, referring to double structures, dual actions, etc. 2. In chemistry, used to denote a partially neutralized acid (an acid salt); e.g., bisulfate. Cf. bis-, di-. [L.]

Bial Bial

Manfred, German physician, 1869-1908. See B.'s test.

Bianchi Bianchi

Giovanni, Italian anatomist, 1681-1761. See B.'s nodule, valve.

biarticular biarticular (bI´ar-tik´yu-lar)

diarthric

bias bias (bI´-as)

1. Systematic error between two laboratory procedures; may be constant or proportionate and if large may adversely affect test results. 2. Deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation; any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation, publication, or review of data that can lead to conclusions that are systematically different from the truth. [Fr. biais, obliquity, perh. fr. L. bifax, two-faced]

biasterionic biasterionic (bI-as-ter-e-on´ik)

Relating to both asterions, especially the b. diameter, or b. width, the shortest distance from one asterion to the other.

biauricular biauricular (bI-aw-rik´yu-lar)

Relating to both auricles, in any sense.

bib. bib.

Abbreviation for L. bibe, drink.

bibasic bibasic (bI´bas-ik)

dibasic

bibliomania bibliomania (bib´le-o-ma´ne-a)

Morbidly intense desire to collect and possess books, especially rare books. [G. biblion, book, + mania, frenzy]

bibulous bibulous (bib´yu-lus)

absorbent (1) [L. bibulus, drinking freely, absorbent]

bicameral bicameral (bI-kam´er-al)

Having two chambers; denoting especially an abscess divided by a more or less complete septum. [bi- + L. camera, chamber]

bicapsular bicapsular (bI-kap´su-lar)

Having a double capsule.

bicarbonate bicarbonate (bI-kar´bon-at)

HCO₃^-;the ion remaining after the first dissociation of carbonic acid; a central buffering agent in blood.
standard b. the plasma b. concentration of a sample of whole blood that has been equilibrated at 37°C with a carbon dioxide pressure of 40 mm Hg and an oxygen pressure greater than 100 mm Hg; abnormally high or low values indicate metabolic alkalosis or acidosis, respectively.

bicardiogram bicardiogram (bI-kar´de-o-gram)

The composite curve of an electrocardiogram representing the combined effects of the right and left ventricles.

bicellular bicellular (bI-sel´yu-lar)

Having two cells or subdivisions.

bicephalus bicephalus (bI-sef´a-lus)

dicephalus

biceps biceps (bI´seps)

A muscle with two origins or heads. Commonly used to refer to the biceps brachii muscle. [bi- + L. caput, head]

Bichat Bichat

Marie F.X., French anatomist, physician, and biologist, 1771-1802. See B.'s canal, fat-pad, fissure, foramen, fossa, ligament, membrane, protuberance, tunic.

bichloride bichloride (bI-klor´Id)

dichloride

bicho bicho (be´cho)

epidemic gangrenous proctitis

bichromate bichromate (bI-kro´mat)

dichromate

biciliate biciliate (bI-sil´e-at)

Having two cilia.

bicipital bicipital (bI-sip´i-tal)

1. Two-headed. 2. Relating to a biceps muscle. [bi- + L. caput, head]

Bickel Bickel

Gustav, 19th century German physician. See B.'s ring.

biclonal biclonal (bI-klo´nal)

Pertaining to or characterized by biclonality.

biclonality biclonality (bI-klon-al´i-te)

A condition in which some cells have markers of one cell line and other cells have markers of another cell line, as in biclonal leukemias.

biclonal peak biclonal peak

Two narrow electrophoretic bands thought to represent immunoglobulin of two cell lines.

biconcave biconcave (bI-kon´kav)

Concave on two sides; denoting especially a form of lens.concavoconcave;

biconvex biconvex (bI-kon´veks)

Convex on two sides; denoting especially a form of lens.convexoconvex;

bicornous bicornous , bicornuate , bicornate (bI-kor´nus, -nu-at, -nat)

Two-horned; having two processes or projections. [bi- + L. cornu, horn]

bicro- bicro-

pico- (2)

bicron bicron (bI´kron)

picometer

bicuculline bicuculline (bI´cu-cu-len)

An alkaloid naturally occurring in the d-form; found in Dicentra cucullaria and Adlumia fungosa (family Fumariaceae) and several Corydalis species; a powerful convulsant that acts by antagonizing gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

bicuspid bicuspid (bI-kus´pid)

1. Having two points, prongs, or cusps. 2. Teeth having two cusps. Humans have eight: two in front of each group of molars. See bicuspid tooth. [bi- + L. cuspis, point]
b. aortic valve See familial aortic ectasia syndrome.

bicuspidization bicuspidization (bI-kus´pi-di-za´shun)

Surgical change of a normally tricuspid valve into a functioning bicuspid valve; performed in correction of tricuspid valvar disease.

b.i.d. b.i.d.

Abbreviation for L. bis in die, twice a day.

bidactyly bidactyly (bI-dak´ti-le)

Abnormality in which the medial digits are lacking, with only the first and fifth represented. See also lobster-claw deformity, ectrodactyly. [bi- + G. daktylos, finger]

bidet bidet (be-da´)

A tub for a sitz bath, having also an attachment for giving vaginal or rectal infusions. [Fr. a small horse]

bidiscoidal bidiscoidal (bI´dis-koy´dal)

Resembling, or consisting of, two disks.

BIDS BIDS [MIM*234050]

Acronym for brittle hair, impaired intelligence, decreased fertility, and short stature; usually manifested as an inherited deficiency of a high-sulfur protein.

biduous biduous (bid´yu-us)

Rarely used term denoting of two days' duration. [L. biduus, lasting two days, fr. bi- + dies, day]

Biebl Biebl

M. See B. loop.

Biebrich scarlet red Biebrich scarlet red [C.I. 26905]

scarlet red [Biebrich, Germany]

Biederman Biederman

Joseph, U.S. physician, *1907. See B.'s sign.

Biedl Biedl

Artur, Austrian physician, 1869-1933. See Bardet-B. syndrome.

Bielschowsky Bielschowsky

Alfred, German ophthalmologist, 1871-1940. See B.'s sign.

Bielschowsky Bielschowsky

Max, German neuropathologist, 1869-1940. See B.'s disease, stain; Jansky-B. disease.

Biemond Biemond

A., 20th century French neurologist. See B. syndrome.

Bier Bier

August K.G., German surgeon, 1861-1949. See B.'s amputation, hyperemia, method.

Biermer Biermer

Anton, German physician, 1827-1892. See B.'s anemia, disease, sign; Addison-B. disease.

Biernacki Biernacki

Edmund A., Polish pathologist, 1866-1912. See B.'s sign.

Biesiadecki Biesiadecki

Alfred von, Polish physician, 1839-1888. See B.'s fossa.

bifascicular bifascicular (bI´fa-sik´yu-lar)

Involving two of the presumed three major fascicles of the ventricular conduction system of the heart.

bifid bifid (bI´fid)

Split or cleft; separated into two parts. [L. bifidus, cleft in two parts]

Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium (bI´fI-do-bak-ter´e-um)

A genus of anaerobic bacteria (family Actinomycetaceae) containing Gram-positive rods of highly variable appearance; freshly isolated strains characteristically show bifurcated V and Y forms, uniform or branched, and club or spatulate forms. They frequently stain irregularly; two or more granules may stain with methylene blue, while the remainder of the cell is unstained. They are not acid-fast, are nonmotile, and do not produce spores; acetic and lactic acids are produced from glucose. Pathogenicity for man or other animals has not been reported, although they have been found in the feces and alimentary tract of infants, older people, and other animals. The type species is B. bifidum. [L. bifidus, cleft in two parts, + bacterium]
B. bi´fidum type species of the genus Bifidobacterium; it is found in the feces and alimentary tract of breast- and bottle-fed infants and of older persons, rats, turkeys, and chickens; also found in the rumen of cattle; pathogenicity for man and other animals has not been reported. Associated with a growth factor belonging to a group of N-containing polysaccharides with a high hexosamine content and known as bifidus factor.

bifocal bifocal (bI-fo´kal)

Having two foci.

biforate biforate (bI-fo´rat)

Having two openings. [bi- + L. foro, pp. -atus, to bore, pierce]

bifunctional bifunctional (bI-func´shun-al)

Referring to a molecule containing two reactive functional groups; cross-linking reagents are bifunctional compounds.

bifurcate bifurcate , bifurcated (bI-fer´kat, -ka-ted)

Forked; two-pronged; having two branches. [bi- + L. furca, fork]

bifurcatio bifurcatio (bI´fer-ka´she-o) [NA]

bifurcation
b. aor´tae [NA] bifurcation of aorta
b. tra´cheae [NA] bifurcation of trachea
b. trun´ci pulmona´lis [NA] bifurcation of pulmonary trunk

bifurcation bifurcation (bI-fer-ka´shun)

A forking; a division into two branches.bifurcatio [NA];
b. of aorta the division of the aorta into right and left common iliac arteries; it occurs at the level of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral body.bifurcatio aortae [NA];
b. of pulmonary trunk the division of the pulmonary trunk into right and left pulmonary arteries.bifurcatio trunci pulmonalis [NA];
b. of trachea the division of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi; it occurs at the level of the fifth or sixth thoracic vertebral body and is marked internally by the presence of a carina or keel-like ridge between the diverging bronchi.bifurcatio tracheae [NA];

Bigelow Bigelow

Henry J., U.S. surgeon, 1818-1890. See B.'s ligament, septum.

bigemina bigemina (bI-jem´i-na)

bigeminal pulse

bigeminal bigeminal (bI-jem´i-nal)

Paired; double; twin.

bigemini bigemini (bI-jem´i-nI)

bigeminy

bigeminum bigeminum (bI-jem´i-num)

One of the corpora bigemina. [L. ntr. of bigeminus, doubled]

bigeminy bigeminy (bI-jem´i-ne)

Pairing; especially, the occurrence of heart beats in pairs.bigemini; [bi- + L. geminus, twin]
atrial b. pairing of atrial beats, as when an atrial extrasystole is coupled to each sinus beat.
atrioventricular junctional b. paired beats, each pair consisting of an A-V nodal extrasystole coupled to a beat of the dominant, usually sinus, rhythm.nodal b;
escape-capture b. paired beats, each couplet consisting of an escape beat followed by a conducted sinus beat.
nodal b. atrioventricular junctional b
reciprocal b. paired beats, each pair consisting of an A-V nodal beat followed by a reciprocal beat.
ventricular b. paired ventricular beats, the common form consisting of ventricular extrasystoles coupled to sinus beats.

bigerminal bigerminal (bI-jer´min-al)

Relating to two germs or ova.

big-head big-head

1. In horses, usually denotes osteodystrophia fibrosa. 2. Gas gangrene infection of tissues of the head, caused by Clostridium novyi in sheep, usually young rams with head wounds. 3. Photosensitization in sheep.

bigitalin bigitalin (bI-jit´a-lin)

gitoxin

biglycan biglycan (bI´glI-kan)

A small interstitial proteoglycan that contains two glycosaminoglycan chains.proteoglycan I;

Bignami Bignami

Amico, Italian physician, 1862-1929. See Marchiafava-B. disease.

bikunin bikunin (bik´u-nin)

A plasma glycoprotein that is found in both the free state and covalently bound to the heavy chains of certain protease inhibitors.

bilabe bilabe (bI´lab)

A forceps for seizing and removing urethral or small vesical calculi. [bi- + L. labium, lip]

bilateral bilateral (bI-lat´er-al)

Relating to, or having, two sides. [bi- + L. latus, side]

bilateralism bilateralism (bI-lat´er-al-izm)

A condition in which the two sides are symmetrical.

bile bile (bIl)

The yellowish brown or green fluid secreted by the liver and discharged into the duodenum where it aids in the emulsification of fats, increases peristalsis, and retards putrefaction; contains sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate, cholesterol, biliverdin and bilirubin, mucus, fat, lecithin, and cells and cellular debris.gall (1); [L. bilis]
A b. b. from the common duct.
B b. b. from the gallbladder.
C b. b. from the hepatic duct.
white b. designating the relatively clear, almost colorless, clear viscid fluid that occurs in the gallbladder, intestines, or both as a result of obstruction of the b. ducts in various sites; actually the secretion of the mucous membrane, without the usual color resulting from b. pigments.leukobilin;

Bilharzia Bilharzia (bil-har´ze-a)

An early name for Schistosoma. [T. Bilharz]

bilharziasis bilharziasis (bil-har-zI´a-sis)

schistosomiasis

bilharzioma bilharzioma (bil-har-ze-o´ma)

A tumor-like swelling of the skin, due to schistosomiasis.

bilharziosis bilharziosis (bil-har-ze-o´sis)

schistosomiasis

bili- bili-

Bile. [L. bilis, bile]

biliary biliary (bil´e-ar-e)

Relating to bile or the biliary tract.bilious (1);

bilifaction bilifaction , bilification (bil-i-fak´shun, -fi-ka´shun)

Rarely used terms for bile formation. [bili- + L. facio, pp. factus, to make]

biliferous biliferous (bil-if´er-us)

Rarely used term for containing or carrying bile.

biligenesis biligenesis (bil-i-jen´e-sis)

Bile production. [bili- + G. genesis, production]

biligenic biligenic (bil-i-jen´ik)

Bile-producing.

bilin bilin , biline (bI´lin)

The chain of four pyrrole residues resulting from the cleavage of one bond of one of the four methylidene residues of the porphin part of a porphyrin; specifically, the unsubstituted tetrapyrrole; bilirubin and biliverdin are bilins.

bilious bilious (bil´yus)

1. biliary 2. Relating to or characteristic of biliousness. 3. Formerly, denoting a temperament characterized by a quick, irritable temper.choleric;

biliousness biliousness (bil´yus-nes)

An imprecisely delineated congestive disturbance with anorexia, coated tongue, constipation, headache, dizziness, pasty complexion, and, rarely, slight jaundice; assumed to result from hepatic dysfunction.

biliptysis biliptysis (bil-ip´ti-sis)

Occurrence of bile in the sputum. [bili- + G. pytalon, saliva]

bilirachia bilirachia (bil-i-ra´ke-a)

Occurrence of bile pigments in the spinal fluid. [bili- + G. rhachis, spine]

bilirubin bilirubin (bil-i-ru´bin)

A red bile pigment found as sodium bilirubinate (soluble), or as an insoluble calcium salt in gallstones, formed from hemoglobin during normal and abnormal destruction of erythrocytes by the reticuloendothelial system; a bilin with substituents on the 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, and 18 carbon atoms and with oxygens on carbons 1 and 19. Excess b. is associated with jaundice. [bili- + L. ruber, red]
conjugated b. direct reacting b
delta b. the fraction of b. covalently bound to albumin; in conventional methods it is measured as part of conjugated b. Because of its covalent bond during the recovery phase of hepatocellular jaundice, it may persist in the blood for a week or more after urine clears.
direct reacting b. the fraction of serum b. which has been conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver cell to form b. diglucuronide; so called because it reacts directly with the Ehrlich diazo reagent; increased levels are found in hepatobiliary diseases, especially of the obstructive variety.conjugated b;
indirect reacting b. the fraction of serum b. which has not been conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver cell; so called because it reacts with the Ehrlich diazo reagent only when alcohol is added; increased levels are found in hepatic disease and hemolytic conditions.unconjugated b;
b. UDPglucuronyltransferase (gloo-ku´ron-il-trans´fer-as) an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of UDPglucuronate and bilirubin forming UDP and bilirubin-glucuronoside; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with Crigler-Najjar syndrome.
unconjugated b. indirect reacting b

bilirubinemia bilirubinemia (bil´i-ru-bin-e´me-a)

The presence of bilirubin in the blood, where it is normally present in relatively small amounts; the term is usually used in relation to increased concentrations observed in various pathologic conditions where there is excessive destruction of erythrocytes or interference with the mechanism of excretion in the bile. Determination of the quantity of bilirubin in the blood serum reveals two fractions, namely direct reacting (conjugated) and indirect reacting (nonconjugated) bilirubin; determination of conjugated and total bilirubin in serum is an important and frequently used clinical laboratory test. [bilirubin + G. haima, blood]

bilirubinglobulin bilirubinglobulin (bil-i-ru´bin-glob´yu-lin)

A bilirubin-globulin complex; a transport form of bilirubin to the liver where bilirubin is converted to a diglucuronic acid derivative and passes into the bile.

bilirubin-glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase bilirubin-glucuronoside glucuronosyltransferase

Bilirubin monoglucuronide transglucuronidase;a transferase that transfers a glucuronoside from one molecule of bilirubin glucuronoside to another, forming bilirubin bisglucuronoside and unconjugated bilirubin. A step in heme catabolism.

bilirubinoids bilirubinoids (bil-i-ru´bin-oydz)

Generic term denoting intermediates in the conversion of bilirubin to stercobilin by reductive enzymes in intestinal bacteria. Included are mesobilirubin, mesobilane mesobilene-b, urobilinogen, urobilin, reduction products of mesobilane (stercobilinogen) and mesobilene (stercobilin), and mesobiliviolin; most are found in normal urine and feces. Products related to these intermediates and found in pathological conditions (e.g., jaundice, liver disease) are the structurally indefinite probilifuscins and propentdyopents found in gallstones.

bilirubinuria bilirubinuria (bil´i-ru-bi-nu´re-a)

The presence of bilirubin in the urine. [bilirubin + G. ouron, urine]

bilitherapy bilitherapy (bil-i-thar´a-pe)

Treatment with bile or bile salts.

biliuria biliuria (bil-e-yu´re-a)

The presence of various bile salts, or bile, in the urine.choleuria, choluria; [bili- + G. ouron, urine]

biliverdin biliverdin , biliverdine (bil-i-ver´din)

A green bile pigment formed from the oxidation of bilirubin; a bilin with a structure almost identical to that of bilirubin.choleverdin, dehydrobilirubin, verdine;

biliverdinglobin biliverdinglobin (bil-i-ver´din-glo´bin)

Obsolete term for choleglobin.

Bill Bill

Arthur H., U.S. obstetrician, 1877-1961. See B.'s maneuver.

Billroth Billroth

C.A. Theodor, Austrian surgeon, 1829-1894. See B.'s cords, under cord, operation I, operation II, venae cavernosae, under vena; B. I anastomosis, II anastomosis.

bilobate bilobate , bilobed (bI-lo´bat, bI´lobd)

Having two lobes.

bilobectomy bilobectomy (bI´lob-ek´to-me)

Surgical excision of two lobes (of the lung).

bilobular bilobular (bI-lob´yu-lar)

Having two lobules.

bilocular bilocular , biloculate (bI-lok´yu-lar, -yu-lat)

Having two compartments or spaces. [bi- + L. loculus, dim. of locus, a place]

bilophodont bilophodont (bI-lof´o-dont)

Having two longitudinal ridges on the premolar and molar teeth; designating certain animals, such as the kangaroo. [bi- + G. lophos, ridge, + odous, tooth]

bimanual bimanual (bI-man´yu-al)

Relating to, or performed by, both hands. [bi- + L. manus, hand]

bimastoid bimastoid (bI-mas´toyd)

Relating to both mastoid processes.

bimaxillary bimaxillary (bI-mak´si-lar-e)

Relating to both the right and left maxillae; sometimes used when describing something affecting both halves of the upper jaw.

bimodal bimodal (bI-mo´dal)

Denoting a frequency curve characterized by two peaks.

bimolecular bimolecular (bI-mo-lek´yu-lar)

Involving two molecules, as in a b. reaction.

binangle binangle (bin-ang´-ul)

1. The second angle given the shank of an angled instrument to bring its working end close to the axis of the handle in order to prevent it from turning about the axis. 2. A dental instrument possessing the above characteristics. [L. bini, pair, + angulus, angle]

binary binary (bI´nar-e)

1. Denoting or comprised of two components, elements, molecules, etc. 2. Denoting a choice of two mutually exclusive outcomes for one event (e.g., male or female; heads or tails; affected or unaffected). [L. binarius, consisting of two, fr. bini, two at a time]

binaural binaural (bin-aw´ral)

Relating to both ears.binotic; [L. bini, a pair, + auris, ear]

bind bind (bInd)

1. To confine or encircle with a band or bandage. 2. To join together with a band or ligature. 3. To combine or unite molecules by means of reactive groups, either in the molecules per se or in a chemical added for that purpose; frequently used in relation to chemical bonds that may be fairly easily broken (i.e., noncovalent), as in the binding of a toxin with antitoxin, or a heavy metal with a chelating agent, etc. 4. A close interpersonal relationship in which one person feels compelled to act in a certain way to obtain the approval of the other person. [A.S. bindan]
double b. a type of personal interaction in which one receives two mutually conflicting verbal or nonverbal instructions or demands from the same person or different individuals, resulting in a situation in which either compliance or noncompliance with either alternative threatens one of the needed relationships.

binder binder (bInd´er)

1. A broad bandage, especially one encircling the abdomen. 2. Anything that binds. See bind (3).
obstetrical b. a supporting garment covering the abdomen from the ribs to the trochanters, tightly pinned at the back, affording support after childbirth or, rarely, during childbirth.
T-b. two strips of cloth at right angles; used for retaining dressing, as on the perineum.T-bandage;

Binet Binet

Alfred, French psychologist, 1857-1911. See B. age, scale, test; B.-Simon scale; Stanford-B. intelligence scale.

Bing Bing

Richard J., U.S. physician, *1909. See Taussig-B. disease, syndrome.

Bing Bing

Paul Robert, German neurologist, 1878-1956. See B.'s reflex.

Bingham Bingham

E.C., U.S. chemist, 1878-1945. See B. flow, model, plastic.

Binn's bacterium Binn's bacterium

See under bacterium.

binocular binocular (bin-ok´yu-lar)

Adapted to the use of both eyes; said of an optical instrument. [L. bini, paired, + oculus, eye]

binomial binomial (bI-no´me-al)

A set of two terms or names; in the probabilistic or statistical sense it corresponds to a Bernoulli trial. See also binary combination. [bi- + G. nomos, name]

binotic binotic (bin-ot´ik)

binaural [L. bini, a pair, + G. ous (ot-), ear]

Binswanger Binswanger

Otto Ludwig, German neurologist, 1852-1929. See B.'s disease, encephalopathy.

binuclear binuclear , binucleate (bI-nu´kle-ar, -kle-at)

Having two nuclei.

binucleolate binucleolate (bI-nu´kle-o-lat)

Having two nucleoli.

Binz Binz

Carl, German pharmacologist, 1832-1913. See B.'s test.

bio- bio-

Combining form denoting life. [G. bios, life]

bioacoustics bioacoustics (bI´o-a-kus´tiks)

The science dealing with the effects of sound fields or mechanical vibrations in living organisms.

bioactive bioactive (bI´o-ak´tiv)

Referring to a substance that can be acted upon by a living organism or by an extract from a living organism.

bioassay bioassay (bI-o-as´a)

Determination of the potency or concentration of a compound by its effect upon animals, isolated tissues, or microorganisms, as compared with an analysis of its chemical or physical properties.

bioastronautics bioastronautics (bI´o-as-tro-naw´tiks)

The study of the effects of space travel and space habitation on living organisms.

bioavailability bioavailability (bI´o-a-val´a-bil´i-te)

The physiological availability of a given amount of a drug, as distinct from its chemical potency; proportion of the administered dose which is absorbed into the bloodstream.

biocatalyst biocatalyst (bI´o-kat-a-list)

A substance of biological origin that can catalyze a reaction; e.g., an enzyme.

biocenosis biocenosis (bI-o-se-no´sis)

An assemblage of species living in a particular biotope.biotic community; [bio- + G. koinos, common]

biochemical biochemical (bI-o-kem´i-kal)

Relating to biochemistry.

biochemistry biochemistry (bI-o-kem´is-tre)

The chemistry of living organisms and of the chemical, molecular, and physical changes occurring therein.biological chemistry, physiological chemistry;

biochemorphic biochemorphic (bI´o-kem-or´fik)

Denoting the relationship between biologic action and chemical structure, as in food and drugs.

biochemorphology biochemorphology (bI´o-kem-or-fol´o-je)

1. The study of the relationship between biologic action and chemical structure. 2. Macroscopic or gross morphology as revealed by biochemical techniques; e.g., selective staining of enzymes, antibodies. [bio- + chemistry + G. morphe, shape, + logos, study]

biochrome biochrome (bI´o-krom)

natural pigment [bio- + G. chroma, color]

biocidal biocidal (bI-o-sI´dal)

Destructive of life; particularly pertaining to microorganisms. [bio- + L. caedo, to kill]

bioclimatology bioclimatology (bI´o-klI-ma-tol´o-je)

The science of the relationship of climatic factors to the distribution, numbers, and types of living organisms; an aspect of ecology.

biocybernetics biocybernetics (bI´o-sI-ber-net´iks)

The science of communication and control within a living organism, particularly on a molecular basis.

biocytin biocytin (bI-o-sI´tin)

epsi-N-biotinyl-l-lysine;biotin condensed through its carboxyl group with the epsi-amino group of a lysyl residue in the apoenzymes to which biotin is the coenzyme; the predominant linkage in which biotin is found.biotinyllysine;

biocytinase biocytinase (bI-o-sI´tin-as)

An enzyme in blood that catalyzes the hydrolysis of biocytin to biotin and lysine (or, lysyl residue if the lysine is in a protein); probably biotinidase.

biodegradable biodegradable (bI´o-de-grad´a-bl)

Denoting a substance that can be chemically degraded or decomposed by natural effectors (e.g., weather, soil bacteria, plants, animals).

biodegradation biodegradation

biotransformation

biodynamic biodynamic (bI´o-dI-nam´ik)

Relating to biodynamics.

biodynamics biodynamics (bI´o-dI-nam´iks)

The science dealing with the force or energy of living matter. [bio- + G. dynamis, force]

bioecology bioecology (bI-o-e-kol´o-je)

ecology

bioelement bioelement (bI´o-el´e-ment)

An element required by a living organism.

bioenergetics bioenergetics (bI´o-en-er-jet´iks)

1. The study of energy changes involved in the chemical reactions within living tissue. 2. The study of energy exchanges between living organisms and their environments.

bioengineering bioengineering (bI´o-en-jin-er´ing)

See biomedical engineering.

biofeedback biofeedback (bI-o-fed´bak)

A training technique that enables an individual to gain some element of voluntary control over autonomic body functions; based on the learning principle that a desired response is learned when received information such as a recorded increase in skin temperature (feedback) indicates that a specific thought complex or action has produced the desired physiological response.
EMG b. a form of b. that uses an electromyographic measure of muscle tension as the physical symptom to be deconditioned, such as tension in the frontalis muscle in the head which can cause headaches.

bioflavonoids bioflavonoids (bI-o-flav´on-oydz)

Naturally occurring flavone or coumarin derivatives having the activity of the so-called vitamin P, notably rutin and esculin.

biogenesis biogenesis (bI-o-jen´e-sis)

1. Term given by Huxley to the principle that life originates from preexisting life only and never from nonliving material. See spontaneous generation, recapitulation theory. 2. biosynthesis [bio- + G. genesis, origin]

biogenetic biogenetic (bI´o-je-net´ik)

Relating to biogenesis.

biogenic biogenic (bI´o-jen-ik)

Produced by a living organism.

biogeochemistry biogeochemistry (bI´o-je-o-kem´is-tre)

The study of the influence of living organisms and life processes on the chemical structure and history of the earth.

biogravics biogravics (bI-o-grav´iks)

That field of study dealing with the effect on living organisms (particularly man) of abnormal gravitational effects produced, e.g., by acceleration or by free fall; in the former case, heavier than normal weight is induced, and in the latter weightlessness. [bio- + L. gravis, weight]

Bi(OH)3 Bi(OH)₃

Abbreviation for bismuth hydroxide.

bioinstrument bioinstrument (bI´o-in´stru-ment)

A sensor or device usually attached to or embedded in the human body or other living animal to record and to transmit physiologic data to a receiving and monitoring station.

biokinetics biokinetics (bI´o-ki-net´iks)

The study of the growth changes and movements that developing organisms undergo. [bio- + G. kinesis, motion]

biologic biologic , biological (bI´o-loj´ik, -loj´i-kal)

Relating to biology.

biologist biologist (bI-ol´o-jist)

A specialist or expert in biology.

biology biology (bI-ol´o-je)

The science concerned with the phenomena of life and living organisms. [bio- + G. logos, study]
cellular b. cytology
molecular b. study of phenomena in terms of b. molecular (or chemical) interactions; it differs from biochemistry in that it historically has an emphasis on chemical interactions involved in the replication of DNA, its "transcription"; into RNA, and its "translation"; into or expression in protein, i.e., in the chemical reactions connecting genotype and phenotype.
oral b. that aspect of b. devoted to the study of biological phenomena associated with the oral cavity in health and disease (e.g., dental caries, mastication, periodontal disease).
pharmaceutical b. pharmacognosy
radiation b. field of science that studies the biological effects of ionizing radiation.

bioluminescence bioluminescence (bI´o-lu-min-es´ens)

1. Light produced by certain organisms from the oxidation of luciferins through the action of luciferases and with negligible production of heat, chemical energy being converted directly into light energy.cold light (1); 2. Any light produced by a living organism. [bio- + L. lumen (-inis), light]

biolysis biolysis (bI-ol´i-sis)

Disintegration of organic matter through the chemical action of living organisms. [bio- + G. lysis, dissolution]

biolytic biolytic (bI-o-lit´ik)

1. Relating to biolysis. 2. Capable of destroying life.

biomacromolecule biomacromolecule (bI´o-mak-ro-mol´e-kyul)

A naturally occurring substance of large molecular weight (e.g., protein, DNA).

biomass biomass (bI´o-mas)

The total weight of all living things in a given area, biotic community, species population, or habitat; a measure of total biotic productivity.

biome biome (bI´om)

The total complex of biotic communities occupying and characterizing a particular geographic area or zone. [bio- + -ome]

biomechanics biomechanics (bI-o-me-kan´iks)

The science concerned with the action of forces, internal or external, on the living body.
dental b. dental biophysics

biomedical biomedical (bI-o-med´i-kal)

1. Pertaining to those aspects of the natural sciences, especially the biologic and physiologic sciences, that relate to or underlie medicine. 2. Biological and medical, i.e., encompassing both the science(s) and the art of medicine.

biomembrane biomembrane (bI-o-mem´bran)

A structure bounding a cell or cell organelle; it contains lipids, proteins, glycolipids, steroids, etc.membrana [NA], membrane (2);

biometer biometer (bI-om´e-ter)

A device for measuring carbon dioxide given off by organisms and, hence, for determining the quantity of living matter present. [bio- + G. metron, measure]

biometrician biometrician (bI-o-me-trish´an)

One who specializes in the science of biometry.

biometry biometry (bI-om´e-tre)

The application of statistical methods to the study of numerical data based on biological observations and phenomena. [bio- + G. metron, measure]
b. fetal ultrasound measurement of fetal dimensions to evaluate gestational age of fetal size.

biomicroscope biomicroscope (bI-o-mI´kro-skop)

slitlamp

biomicroscopy biomicroscopy (bI´o-mI-kros´ko-pe)

1. Microscopic examination of living tissue in the body. 2. Examination of the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and retina by use of a slitlamp combined with a binocular microscope.

Biomphalaria Biomphalaria (bI-om-fa-la´re-a)

An important genus of freshwater snails (family Planorbidae, subfamily Planorbinae), several species of which serve as intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in Africa, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, South America, and the Caribbean. Host snails formerly were placed in the genera Australorbis, Tropicorbis, and Taphius but are no longer considered generically distinct.

bion bion (bI´on)

A living thing. [G. pres. p. ntr. of bioo, to live]

Biondi Biondi

Aldolpho, Italian pathologist, 1846-1917. See B.-Heidenhain stain.

bionecrosis bionecrosis (bI-o-ne-kro´sis)

necrobiosis

bionic bionic (bI-on´ik)

Relating to or developed from bionics.

bionics bionics (bI-on´iks)

1. The science of biologic functions and mechanisms as applied to electronic chemistry; such as computers, employing various aspects of physics, mathematics, and chemistry; e.g., improving cybernetic engineering by reference to the organization of the vertebrate nervous system. 2. The science of applying the knowledge gained by studying the characteristics of living organisms to the formulation of nonorganic devices and techniques. [bio- + electronics]

bionomics bionomics (bI-o-nom´iks)

1. bionomy 2. ecology

bionomy bionomy (bI-on´o-me)

The laws of life; the science concerned with the laws regulating the vital functions.bionomics (1); [bio- + G. nomos, law]

biophage biophage (bI´o-faj)

An organism that derives the nourishment for its existence from another living organism.

biophagism biophagism (bI-of´a-jizm)

The deriving of nourishment from living organisms.biophagy; [bio- + G. phago, to eat]

biophagous biophagous (bI-of´a-gus)

Feeding on living organisms; denoting certain parasites.

biophagy biophagy (bI-of´a-je)

biophagism

biopharmaceutics biopharmaceutics (bI´o-far-ma-su´tiks)

The study of the physical and chemical properties of a drug, and its dosage form, as related to the onset, duration, and intensity of drug action.

biophilia biophilia (bI-o-fil´e-a)

The instinct of self-preservation. [bio- + G. philia, love, fondness for]

biophotometer biophotometer (bI-o-fo-tom´e-ter)

An obsolete instrument once used for measuring the rate and degree of dark adaptation. Cf. adaptometer.

biophylactic biophylactic (bI´o-fI-lak´tik)

Relating to biophylaxis.

biophylaxis biophylaxis (bI´o-fI-lak´sis)

Nonspecific defense reactions of the body, e.g., phagocytosis, vascular and other reactions of inflammatory processes. [bio- + G. phylaxis, protection]

biophysics biophysics (bI-o-phyz´iks)

1. The study of biological processes and materials by means of the theories and tools of physics. 2. The study of physical processes (e.g., electricity, luminescence) occurring in organisms.
cellular b. b. concerned with cellular processes.
dental b. the relationship between the biologic behavior of oral structures and the physical influence of a dental restoration.dental biomechanics;
medical b. b. related to diagnosis and therapy.
molecular b. b. concerned with membrane processes, conformational and configurational properties of macromolecules, bioelectrical phenomena, etc.
radiation b. the study of the effects of radiation on cells, tissues, biomolecules, and living organisms.

bioplasm bioplasm (bI´o-plazm)

Protoplasm, especially in its relation to living processes and development. [bio- + G. plasma, thing formed]

bioplasmic bioplasmic (bI-o-plas´mik)

Relating to bioplasm.

biopolymer biopolymer (bI´o-pol´e-mer)

A naturally occurring compound that is a polymer of identical or similar subunits.
aperiodic b. a b. consisting of nonidentical subunits present in a nonperiodic sequence.
periodic b. a b. in which there are identical, repeating subunits.

biopsy biopsy (bI´op-se)

1. Process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination. 2. A specimen obtained by b. [bio- + G. opsis, vision]
aspiration b. needle b
brush b. b. obtained by passing a bristled catheter into the ureter or pyelocalyceal system to remove cells from suspected areas of disease by entrapping them in the bristles.
chorionic villus b. transcervical or transabdominal sampling of the chorionic villi for genetic analysis.
endoscopic b. b. obtained by instruments passed through an endoscope or obtained by a needle introduced under endoscopic guidance.
excision b. excision of tissue for gross and microscopic examination in such a manner that the entire lesion is removed.
fine needle b. removal of tissue or suspensions of cells through a small needle.
incision b. removal of only a part of a lesion by incising into it.
needle b. any method in which the specimen for b. is removed by aspirating it through an appropriate needle or trocar that pierces the skin, or the external surface of an organ, and into the underlying tissue to be examined.aspiration b;
open b. surgical incision or excision of the region from which the b. is taken.
punch b. any method that removes a small cylindrical specimen for b. by means of a special instrument that pierces the organ directly or through the skin or a small incision in the skin.trephine b;
shave b. a b. technique performed with a surgical blade or a razor blade; used for lesions that are elevated above the skin level or confined to the epidermis and upper dermis, or to protrusions of lesions from internal sites.
sponge b. abrasion of a lesion with a suitable sponge.
trephine b. punch b
wedge b. excision of a cuneiform specimen.

biopsychology biopsychology (bI´o-sI-kol´o-je)

An interdisciplinary area of study involving psychology, biology, physiology, biochemistry, the neural sciences, and related fields.

biopsychosocial biopsychosocial (bI-o-sI´ko-so- shal)

Involving interplay of biological, psychological and social influences.

biopterin biopterin (bI-op´ter-in)

6-(1,2-Dihydroxypropyl)pterin;a pterin found in yeast, the fruit fly, and in normal human urine.

bioptome bioptome (bI-op´tom)

A biopsy instrument passed through a catheter into the heart to obtain pieces of tissue for diagnosis. [biopsy + G. tome, a cutting]

biopyoculture biopyoculture (bI-o-pI´o-kul-chur)

A culture made from purulent exudate in which various cells, including the phagocytes, are still viable. [bio- + G. pyon, pus, + culture]

biorbital biorbital (bI-or´bI-tal)

Relating to both orbits. [bi- + G. orbita, orbit]

biorheology biorheology (bI´o-re-ol´o-je)

The science concerned with deformation and flow in biological systems. [bio- + G. rheo, to flow, + logos, study]

biorhythm biorhythm (bI´o-rith-m)

A biologically inherent cyclic variation or recurrence of an event or state, such as the sleep cycle, circadian rhythms, or periodic diseases. [bio- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]

bioroentgenography bioroentgenography (bI´o-rent-jen-og´ra-fe)

Obsolete term for the making of x-ray pictures of subjects in motion. See cineradiography. See also video fluoroscopy. [bio- + roentgenography]

biosafety biosafety (b-I´o-saf´te)

Safety measures applied to the handling of biological materials or organisms with a known potential to cause disease in humans. Current recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control are to follow universal precautions, that is to treat all human samples of blood and body fluid as though they were infectious.

biose biose (bI´os)

glycolaldehyde

bioside bioside (bI´o-sId)

disaccharide

biosis biosis (bI-o´sis)

Life, in a general sense. [G. biosis, way of living]

biosocial biosocial (bI-o-so´shul)

Involving the interplay of biological and social influences.

biospectrometry biospectrometry (bI´o-spek-trom´e-tre)

Spectroscopic determination of the types and amounts of various substances in living tissue or fluid from a living body.clinical spectrometry; [bio- + L. spectrum, an image, + G. metron, measure]

biospectroscopy biospectroscopy (bI´o-spek-tros´ko-pe)

Spectroscopic examination of specimens of living tissue, including fluids removed therefrom.clinical spectroscopy; [bio- + L. spectrum, image, + G. skopeo, to examine]

biospeleology biospeleology (bI´o-spe´le-ol´o-je)

The study of organisms whose natural habitat is wholly or partly subterranean. [bio- + G. speliaion, cave]

biosphere biosphere (bI´o-sfer)

All the regions in the world where living organisms are found. [bio- + G. sphaira, sphere]

biostatics biostatics (bI-o-stat´iks)

The science of the relation between structure and function in organisms. [bio- + G. statikos, causing to stand]

biostatistics biostatistics (bI´o-sta-tis´tiks)

The science of statistics applied to biological or medical data.

biosynthesis biosynthesis (bI-o-sin´the-sis)

Formation of a chemical compound by enzymes, either in the organism (in vivo) or by fragments or extracts of cells (in vitro).biogenesis (2);

biosynthetic biosynthetic (bI´o-sin-thet´ik)

Relating to or produced by biosynthesis.

biosystem biosystem (bI´o-sis-tem)

A living organism or any complete system of living things that can, directly or indirectly, interact with others.

Biot Biot

Camille, 19th century French physician. See B.'s breathing, respiration, respiration, breathing sign, sign.

biota biota (bI-o´ta)

The collective flora and fauna of a region. [Mod. L., fr. G. bios, life]

biotaxis biotaxis (bI-o-tak´sis)

1. The classification of living beings according to their anatomical characteristics. 2. cytoclesis [bio- + G. taxis, arrangement]

biotechnology biotechnology (bI´o-tek-nol´o-je)

1. The field devoted to applying the techniques of biochemistry, cellular biology, biophysics, and molecular biology to addressing issues related to human beings and the environment. 2. The use of recombinant DNA or hybridoma technologies for production of useful molecules, or for the alteration of biological processes to enhance some desired property.

biotelemetry biotelemetry (bI-o-tel-em´e-tre)

The technique of monitoring vital processes and transmitting data without wires to a point remote from the subject.

biotest biotest (bI´o-test)

A method for assessing the effect of a compound, technique, or procedure on an organism.biological assay;

biotic biotic (bI-ot´ik)

Pertaining to life.

biotics biotics (bI-ot´iks)

The science concerned with the functions of life, or vital activity and force. [G. biotikos, relating to life]

biotin biotin (bI´o-tin)

cis-hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[ 3,4-d]imidazoline-4-valeric acid;the d-isomer component of the vitamin B₂ complex occurring in or required by most organisms and inactivated by avidin; participates in biological carboxylations. It is a small molecule with a high affinity for avidin that can be readily coupled to a previously labeled antibody in order to allow visualization by enzymatic or histochemical means. See also avidin.coenzyme R, vitamin H, W factor;
b. carboxylase a subunit of a number of enzymes (e.g., acetyl-CoA carboxylase). It catalyzes the formation of carboxybiotin (on a biotin carrier protein), ADP, and P_i from ATP, CO₂ and biotin.
b. oxidase an enzyme (probably nonspecific) catalyzing the beta-oxidation of the b. side chain.

biotinidase biotinidase (bI-o-tin´i-das)

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of biotin amide (forming biotin and ammonia), biocytin (forming biotin and lysine), and other biotinides. A deficiency of b. can lead to organic acidemia.

biotinides biotinides (bI-ot´i-nIdz)

Compounds of biotin; e.g., biocytin.

biotinyllysine biotinyllysine (bI´o-tin-il-lI´sin)

biocytin

biotope biotope (bI´o-top)

The smallest geographical area providing uniform conditions for life; the physical part of an ecosystem. [G. bios, life, + topos, place]

biotoxicology biotoxicology (bI´o-tok-si-kol´o-je)

The study of poisons produced by living organisms.

biotoxin biotoxin (bI-o-tok´sin)

Any toxic substance formed in an animal body, and demonstrable in its tissues or body fluids, or both.

biotransformation biotransformation (bI´o-trans-for-ma´shun)

The conversion of molecules from one form to another within an organism, often associated with change in pharmacologic activity; refers especially to drugs and other xenobiotics.biodegradation;

biotropism biotropism (bI-o-tro´pizm)

Obsolete term for a theory that a drug eruption may be due to activation of a latent allergy by the drug. [bio- + G. trope, a turning]

biotype biotype (bI´o-tIp)

1. A population or group of individuals composed of the same genotype. 2. In bacteriology, former name for biovar. [bio- + G. typos, model]

biovar biovar (bI´o-var)

A group (infrasubspecific) of bacterial strains distinguishable from other strains of the same species on the basis of physiological characters. Formerly called biotype. [bio- + variant]

biovular biovular (bI´ov-yu-lar)

diovular

bipalatinoid bipalatinoid (bI-pal´a-ti-noyd)

A capsule with two compartments, used for making remedies in nascent form; the reaction between the two substances takes place as the capsule dissolves in the stomach, thus activating the remedy.

biparasitism biparasitism (bI-par´a-sit-izm)

hyperparasitism

biparental biparental (bI-pa-ren´tal)

Having two parents, male and female.

biparietal biparietal (bI-pa-rI´e-tal)

Relating to both parietal bones of the skull. [bi- + L. paries, wall]

biparous biparous (bip´a-rus)

Bearing two young. [bi- + L. pario, to give birth]

bipartite bipartite (bI-par´tIt)

Consisting of two parts or divisions.

biped biped (bI´ped)

1. Two-footed. 2. Any animal with only two feet. [bi- + L. pes, foot]

bipedal bipedal (bI´ped-al)

1. Relating to a biped. 2. Capable of locomotion on two feet; e.g., an iguana and some other lizards have this capability.

bipennate bipennate , bipenniform (bI-pen´at, pen´i-form)

Pertaining to a muscle with a central tendon toward which the fibers converge on either side like the barbs of a feather. [bi- + L. penna, feather]

biperforate biperforate (bI-per´fo-rat)

Having two foramina or perforations.

biperiden biperiden (bI-per´i-den)

a-5-Norbornen-2-yl-a-phenyl-1-piperidinepropanol;an anticholinergic agent with sedative and central effects on the basal ganglia; used in the symptomatic treatment of parkinsonism and drug-induced parkinsonism. Also available as b. hydrochloride.

biphenamine hydrochloride biphenamine hydrochloride (bI-fen´a-men)

Xenysalate hydrochloride; 2-diethylaminoethyl 2-hydroxy-3-phenylbenzoate hydrochloride;an antiseborrheic agent.

biphenotypic biphenotypic (bI´fe-no-tip´ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by biphenotypy.

biphenotypy biphenotypy (bI-fe´no-tI´pe)

The expression of markers of more than one cell type by the same cell, as in certain leukemias.

biphenyl biphenyl (bI-fen´il)

diphenyl
polychlorinated b. (PCB) b. in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms attached to ring carbons are replaced by chlorine atoms; a probable human carcingogen and teratogen.

bipolar bipolar (bI-po´ler)

Having two poles, ends, or extremes.

bipotentiality bipotentiality (bI´po-ten-she-al´i-te)

Capability of differentiating along two developmental pathways. An example is the capacity of the gonad to develop into either an ovary or a testis.

biramous biramous (bI-ra´mus)

Having two branches. [bi- + L. ramus, branch]

Birbeck Birbeck

Michael S., contemporary British cancer researcher. See B.'s granule.

Birch-Hirschfeld Birch-Hirschfeld

Felix V., German pathologist, 1842-1899. See Birch-Hirschfeld stain.

birch tar birch tar (berch)

birch tar oil

birch tar oil birch tar oil

Pyroligneous oil obtained by the dry distillation of the wood of Betula alba and rectified by steam distillation; used externally in the treatment of skin diseases.birch tar;

Bird Bird

Samuel D., Australian physician, 1833-1904. See B.'s sign.

birefringence birefringence (bI-re-frin´jens)

double refraction

birefringent birefringent (bI-re-frin´-jent)

Refracting twice; splitting a ray of light in two.

Birnaviridae Birnaviridae (bir´na-vI´ra-da)

A family of icosahedral nonenveloped viruses, 60 nm in diameter whose genome consists of two segments of linear double-stranded RNA.

Birnavirus Birnavirus (bir´na-vI-rus)

A virus in the family Birnaviridae that includes infectious bursal disease virus of chickens and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus of fish. [bi- + RNA + virus]

birotation birotation (bI-ro-ta´shun)

mutarotation

birth birth (berth)

1. Passage of the offspring from the uterus to the outside world; the act of being born. 2. Specifically, in the human, complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a fetus, irrespective of gestational age, and regardless of whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or whether or not the placenta is attached.
b. certificate official, legal document recording details of a live b., usually comprising name, date, place, identity of parents, and sometimes additional information such as b. weight.
cross b. obsolete term for:obsolete term for transverse lie; transverse presentation.
premature b. b. of an infant after viability has been achieved with gestation of at least 20 weeks or birth weight of at least 500 gr, but before 37 weeks.

birthmark birthmark (berth´mark)

A persistent visible lesion, usually on the skin, identified at or near birth; commonly due to nevus or hemangioma. See nevus (1).
strawberry b. strawberry nevus

bis- bis-

1. Prefix signifying two or twice. 2. In chemistry, used to denote, the presence of two identical but separated complex groups in one molecule. Cf. bi-, di-. [L.]

bisacodyl bisacodyl (bis-ak´o-dil)

4,4´-(2-Pyridylmethylene)diphenol diacetate; bis(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-pyridylmethane;a laxative used orally or rectally for constipation.

bisacromial bisacromial (bis´a-kro´me-al)

Relating to both acromion processes.

bisalbuminemia bisalbuminemia (bis´al-byu´mi-ne´me-a)

The concurrence of having two kinds of serum albumin that differ in mobility on electrophoresis: normal albumin (albumin A) and any one of several variant types that migrate at other speeds; individuals are heterozygous for the gene for albumin A and the gene for the variant albumin type. See also inherited albumin variants, under variant.

bisalt bisalt (bI´sawlt)

acid salt

bisaxillary bisaxillary (bis-ak´si-lar-e)

Relating to both axillae.

bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (bis-ben´zil-I-so-kwin´o-lin al-ka-loids)

A group of alkaloids whose base structure is two fused isoquinoline rings e.g., curare alkaloids.

2,5-bis(5-t-butylbenzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene (BBOT) 2,5-bis(5-t-butylbenzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene (BBOT)

A scintillator used in radioactivity measurements by scintillation counting.

Bischof Bischof

W., 20th century German neurosurgeon. See B.'s myelotomy.

biscuit biscuit (bis´kit)

A term associated with the firing of porcelain, and applied to the fired article before glazing. May be any stage after the fluxes have flowed enough to provide rigidity to the structure up to the stage where shrinkage is complete. Referred to as low, medium or high b., depending on the completeness of vitrification, also as hard or soft b.

biscuit-bake biscuit-bake

The initial bake(s) given fusing porcelain at lower than glazing temperature to control shrinkage during the process of building up the dental restoration.biscuit-firing;

biscuit-firing biscuit-firing

biscuit-bake

bisdequalinium chloride bisdequalinium chloride (bis´de-kwa-lin´e-um)

1,1´-Decamethylene-4,4´-(1,10-decamethylenediimino)bis[quinaldinium chloride];an antiseptic.

bis in die bis in die (bis in de´a)

Twice a day. [L.]

bisexual bisexual (bI-seks´yu-al)

1. Having gonads of both sexes. See also hermaphroditism. 2. Denoting an individual who engages in both heterosexual and homosexual relations.

bisferient bisferient (bis-fer´e-ent)

bisferious

bisferious bisferious (bis-fer´e-us)

Striking twice; said of the pulse.bisferient; [L. bis, twice, + ferio, to strike]

Bishop Bishop

Louis F., U.S. physician, 1864-1941. See B.'s sphygmoscope.

bishydroxycoumarin bishydroxycoumarin (bis-hI-drox´e-ku´ma-rin)

dicumarol

bisiliac bisiliac (bis-il´e-ak)

Relating to any two corresponding iliac parts or structures, as the iliac bones or iliac fossae.

Bismarck brown R Bismarck brown R [C.I. 21010]

A diazo dye similar to Bismarck brown Y.

Bismarck brown Y Bismarck brown Y [C.I. 21000]

A diazo dye used for staining mucin and cartilage in histologic sections, in the Papanicolaou technique for vaginal smears, and as one of Kasten's Schiff-type reagents in the PAS and Feulgen stains.vesuvin; [Ger. bismarckbraun, after Otto von Bismarck, Ger. chancellor]

bismuth (Bi) bismuth (Bi) (biz´muth)

A trivalent metallic element; atomic no. 83, atomic wt. 20.98037. Several of its salts are used in medicine; some contain BiO⁺, rather than Bi³⁺, and are called subsalts. [Ger. Wismut, Weisse Masse, white mass]
b. aluminate a gastric antacid.aluminum bismuth oxide;
b. ammonium citrate ammoniocitrate of b.; an intestinal astringent.
b. carbonate b. subcarbonate
b. chloride oxide b. oxychloride
b. citrate used in the making of b. and ammonium citrate.
b. hydroxide (Bi(OH)₃) used in detecting reducing sugars.
b. iodide BiI₃;used in electron microscopy to reveal synapses.b. triiodide;
b. oxide Bi₂O₃;used for the same purposes as the subnitrate.
b. oxycarbonate b. subcarbonate
b. oxychloride BiOCl;basic b. chloride, used for the same purposes as the subnitrate.b. chloride oxide, bismuthyl chloride;
b. oxynitrate b. subnitrate
b. salicylate See b. subsalicylate.
b. sodium tartrate a basic sodium b. tartrate; an antisyphilitic agent.
b. sodium triglycollamate sodium b. complex of nitrilotriacetic acid.
b. subcarbonate (BiO)₂CO₃;used for the same purposes as b. subnitrate, but has lower toxicity.b. carbonate, b. oxycarbonate, bismuthyl carbonate;
b. subgallate used internally in diarrhea and externally as an astringent and protective dusting powder.
b. subnitrate a basic salt, the composition of which varies with the conditions of preparation; used internally as an intestinal astringent and externally as a mild astringent and antiseptic; the metal is used as an electron microscope stain for nucleic acids.b. oxynitrate;
b. subsalicylate used as an intestinal antiseptic.
b. tribromophenate , b. tribromophenol used externally as an antiseptic.
b. trichloride BiCl₃;addition of water results in formation of b. oxychloride.butter of bismuth;
b. triiodide b. iodide

bismuthosis bismuthosis (bis-mu-tho´sis)

Chronic bismuth poisoning.

bismuthyl bismuthyl (biz´mu-thil)

The group, BiO⁺, that behaves chemically as the ion of a univalent metal; its salts are subsalts of bismuth.
b. carbonate bismuth subcarbonate
b. chloride bismuth oxychloride

bisoxatin acetate bisoxatin acetate (bis-ok´sa-tin)

2,2-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one diacetate;a laxative.

1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene

A liquid scintillation agent used in radioisotope measurement.

bistephanic bistephanic (bI´ste-fan´ik)

Relating to both stephanions; denoting particularly the b. width of the cranium, or b. diameter, the shortest distance from one stephanion to the other.

bisteroid bisteroid (bI-ster´oyd)

A molecule composed of two molecules of a given steroid joined together by a carbon-to-carbon bond.

bistoury bistoury (bis´tu-re)

A long, narrow-bladed knife, with a straight or curved edge and sharp or blunt point (probe-point); used for opening or slitting cavities or hollow structures. [Fr. bistouri, fr. It. dialect bistori, perh. fr. Pistoia, Italy]

bistratal bistratal (bI-stra´tal)

Having two strata or layers.

bisulfate bisulfate (bI-sul´fat)

A salt containing HSO₄^-.acid sulfate;

bisulfide bisulfide (bI-sul´fId)

A compound of the anion HS^-; an acid sulfide.

bisulfite bisulfite (bI-sul´fIt)

A salt or ion of HSO₃^-.

bit bit

Acronym for binary digit.

bitartrate bitartrate (bI-tar´trat)

A salt or anion resulting from the neutralization of one of tartaric acid's two acid groups.

bitch bitch

A female dog of breeding age. [O.E. bicche]

bite bite (bIt)

1. To incise or seize with the teeth. 2. The act of incision or seizure with the teeth. 3. A morsel of food held between the teeth. 4. Term used to denote the amount of pressure developed in closing the jaws. 5. Undesirable jargon for terms such as interocclusal record, maxillomandibular registration, denture space, and interarch distance. 6. A wound or puncture of the skin made by animal or insect. See bites. [A.S. bItan]
balanced b. balanced occlusion
biscuit b. maxillomandibular record
close b. small interarch distance
closed b. reduced vertical interarch distance with excessive vertical overlap of the anterior teeth.
deep b. an abnormally large vertical overlap of anterior teeth in centric occlusion.
edge-to-edge b. edge-to-edge occlusion
end-to-end b. edge-to-edge occlusion
jumping the b. an orthodontic technique for correcting a crossbite, usually anterior.
locked b. an occlusion in which the cusp arrangement restricts lateral excursions.
normal b. normal occlusion (1)
open b. 1. large interarch distance 2. apertognathia
rest b. a misnomer for physiologic rest position of the mandible.
working b. working contacts, under contact

bitemporal bitemporal (bI-tem´po-ral)

Relating to both temples or temporal bones.

biteplate biteplate , biteplane (bIt´plat, bIt´plan)

A removable appliance that incorporates a plane of acrylic designed to occlude with the opposing teeth.

bites bites (bItz)

Penetration of the skin (puncture or laceration) causing reactions that result from 1) mechanical injury; 2) injection of toxic material such as snake or scorpion venom; 3) injection of antigenic substance, especially by insect or arthropod bites, capable of inducing and eliciting allergic sensitization; 4) introduction of otherwise saprophytic flora such as Staphylococcus pyogenes in the instance of human bites; 5) invasion of the tissue as in myiasis; 6) transmission of disease such as typhus and rabies. Depending on the nature of the material propelled into the puncture of the skin and, in the case of antigenic material, on the previous exposure and immunity of the host, the local reaction will be immediate or delayed, accompanied by varying degrees of pain, itching and burning, and systemic manifestations specific for the offending agent. [see bite]

bitewing bitewing (bIt´wing)

See bitewing radiograph.

bithionol bithionol (bI-thI´o-nol)

2,2´-Thiobis[4,6-dichlorophenol];an antiparasitic agent used for treatment of the human lungworm, Paragonimus westermani, and the Oriental liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis; also used as a bacteriostat in soaps and detergents; sodium bithionate is used as a topical bactericide and fungicide.

bitolterol mesylate bitolterol mesylate (bI-tol´ter-ol)

4-[2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-o-phenylenedi(p-toluate)methanesulfonate;a sympathomimetic bronchodilator used in the prophylaxis and treatment of bronchial asthma and reversible bronchospasm.

Bitot Bitot

Pierre A., French physician, 1822-1888. See B.'s spots, under spot.

bitrochanteric bitrochanteric (bI-tro-kan-ter´ik)

Relating to two trochanters, either to the two trochanters of one femur or to both great trochanters.

bitropic bitropic (bI-trop´ik)

Having a dual affinity, as in tissues or organisms. [bi- + G. trope, a turning]

bitter apple bitter apple

colocynth

bitters bitters

1. An alcoholic liquor in which bitter vegetable substances (e.g., quinine, gentian) have been steeped. 2. Bitter vegetable drugs (e.g., quassia, gentian, cinchona), usually used as tonics.amara;
aromatic b. b. with a pleasant aromatic flavor.

Bittner Bittner

John J., U.S. oncologist, 1904-1961. See B. agent; B.'s milk factor.

Bittorf Bittorf

Alexander, German physician, 1876-1949. See B.'s reaction.

biuret biuret (bI-u-ret´)

NH(CONH₂)₂;a derivative of urea obtained by heating, eliminating one NH₃ between two ureas. Used in protein determinations.allophanamide, carbamoylurea;

bivalence bivalence , bivalency (bI-va´lens, bI-va´len-se)

A combining power (valence) of 2.divalence, divalency;

bivalent bivalent (bI-va´lent, biv´a-lent)

1. Having a combining power (valence) of 2.divalent; 2. In cytology, a structure consisting of two paired homologous chromosomes, each split into two sister chromatids, as seen during the pachytene stage of prophase in meiosis.

biventer biventer (bI-ven´ter)

Two-bellied; denoting two-bellied muscles. [bi- + L. venter, belly]
b. cer´vicis spinalis capitis muscle
b. mandib´ulae digastric muscle

biventral biventral (bI-ven´tral)

digastric (1)

biventricular biventricular (bI´ven-trik´u-lar)

Pertaining to both right and left ventricles.

bixin bixin (bik´sin)

A monomethyl ester of a 24-carbon branched unsaturated dicarboxylic acid; a carotenoid (a carotene-dioic acid); the orange-red coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana; the ethyl ester is used as a food and drug colorant. See also annotto.

bizygomatic bizygomatic (bI´zI-go-mat´ik)

Relating to both zygomatic bones or arches.

Bizzozero Bizzozero

Giulio, Italian physician, 1846-1901. See B.'s corpuscle.

Bjerrum Bjerrum

Jannik P., Danish ophthalmologist, 1851-1926. See B.'s scotoma; B. screen; B.'s sign.

Bjork-Shiley valve Bjork-Shiley valve

See under valve.

Bjornstad Bjornstad

R., 20th century Scandinavian dermatologist. See B.'s syndrome.

Bk Bk

Symbol for berkelium.

Black Black

Douglas A.K., Scottish physician, *1909. See B.'s formula.

Black Black

Greene V., U.S. dentist, 1836-1915. See B.'s classification.

Blackfan Blackfan

Kenneth D., U.S. physician, 1883-1941. See Diamond-B. anemia, syndrome.

blackhead blackhead (blak´hed)

1. open comedo 2. histomoniasis

blackleg blackleg (blak´leg)

A highly fatal, specific, essentially gas-gangrenous infection caused by Clostridium chavoei and affecting the muscular upper parts of the legs of young cattle and sheep.quarter evil;

blackout blackout (blak´owt)

1. Temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain. 2. Momentary loss of consciousness as an absence. 3. Temporary loss of vision, without alteration of consciousness, due to positive (> normal) g (gravity) forces; caused by temporary decreased blood flow in the central retinal artery, and seen mostly in aviators. 4. A transient episode that occurs during a state of intense intoxication (alcoholic b.) for which the person has no recall, although not unconscious (as observed by others).
visual b. See amaurosis fugax.

black root black root

leptandra

bladder bladder (blad´er)

A distensible musculomembranous organ serving as a receptacle for fluid, as the gallbladder. See detrusor.vesica (1); [A.S. blaedre]
air b. a two-chambered gas-filled sac that is present in most fish and functions as a hydrostatic organ; it is located beneath the vertebral column, and is connected with the esophagus in some fish.swim b;
allantoic b. a type of b. formed as an outgrowth of the cloaca.
atonic b. a large, dilated, and nonemptying b.; usually due to disturbance of innervation or to chronic obstruction.
autonomic neurogenic b. malfunctioning b., secondary to low spinal cord lesions.
gall b. gallbladder
hyperreflexic b. a b. exhibiting detrusor instability.
hypertonic b. a b. with poor compliance.
ileal b. ileal conduit
neurogenic b. neuropathic b
neuropathic b. any defective functioning of bladder due to impaired innervation, e.g., cord b., neuropathic b.neurogenic b;
nonneurogenic neurogenic b. detrusor-sphincter incoordination with urinary incontinence, constipation, UTI, upper tract changes.Hinman syndrome, pseudoneurogenic b;
poorly compliant b. a b. that has high pressure at low volumes in the absence of detrusor activity.
pseudoneurogenic b. nonneurogenic neurogenic b
reflex neurogenic b. an abnormal condition of b. function whereby the b. is cut off from upper motor neuron control, but where the lower motor neuron arc is still intact.
swim b. air b
trabeculated b. characterized by thick wall and hypertrophied muscle bundles. Typically seen in instances of long-standing obstruction.
uninhibited neurogenic b. a condition, either congenital or acquired, of abnormal b. function whereby normal inhibitory control of detrusor function by the central nervous system is impaired or underdeveloped, resulting in precipitant or uncontrolled micturition and/or anuresis.
unstable b. characterized by uninhibited detrusor contractions.
urinary b. a musculomembranous elastic bag serving as a storage place for the urine.vesica urinaria [NA], cystis urinaria, urocyst, urocystis;

bladder calculi bladder calculi

See under calculus.

bladderworm bladderworm (blad´er-werm)

Cysticercus

bladevent bladevent (blad´vent)

A thin, wedge-shaped endo-osseous implant of metal that is inserted into a surgically prepared groove in the maxilla or mandible.

Blagden Blagden

Sir Charles, British physician, 1748-1820. See B.'s law.

blain blain (blan)

Archaic term for a lesion on the skin. [A.S. blegen]

Blainville Blainville

Henri Marie Ducrotay de, French zoologist and anthropologist, 1777-1850. See B. ears, under ear.

Blair Blair

Vilray P., U.S. surgeon, 1871-1955. See B.-Brown graft.

Blakemore Blakemore

Arthur H., U.S. surgeon, 1897-1970. See Sengstaken-B. tube.

Blalock Blalock

Alfred, U.S. surgeon, 1899-1965. See B. shunt; B.-Hanlon operation; B.-Taussig operation, shunt.

Blandin Blandin

Philippe Frédéric, French anatomist and surgeon, 1798-1849. See B.'s gland.

blank blank

A solution consisting of all of the analytical components except the compound to be measured; this is used to establish a baseline of measurement intensity against which the compound of interest is compared. [M.E. white, fr. O.Fr. blanc, fr. Germanic]

blas blas

Term invented by van Helmont to denote a mystical spirit or vital force which presided over and governed the various processes of the body. Each bodily function was supposed to have its own special b.; b. appears to be the counterpart of the archaeus of Paracelsus. [a Middle E. variant of blast]

Blasius Blasius

Gerhard (Blaes), 17th century Dutch anatomist. See B.'s duct.

-blast -blast

An immature precursor cell of the type indicated by the preceding word. [G. blastos, germ]

blastema blastema (blas-te´ma)

1. The primordial cellular mass (precursor) from which an organ or part is formed. 2. A cluster of cells competent to initiate the regeneration of a damaged or ablated structure. [G. a sprout]
metanephric b. metanephric cap
nephric b. the extension of nephrogenic cord tissue, caudal to the mesonephros, into which the ureteric buds grow to initiate development of the definitive mammalian kidney.nephroblastema;

blastemic blastemic (blas-tem´ik)

Relating to the blastema.

blastic blastic (blas´tik)

1. Describing the formation of a conidium by the blowing out process of a fertile hypha before being limited by a septum. 2. Colloquial term for osteoblastic. [G. blastos, germ + -ic]

blasto- blasto-

Pertaining to the process of budding (and the formation of buds) by cells or tissue. [G. blastos, germ]

blastocele blastocele (blas´to-sel)

The cavity in the blastula of a developing embryo.blastocoele, cleavage cavity, segmentation cavity; [blasto- + G. koilos, hollow]

blastocelic blastocelic (blas-to-se´lik)

Relating to the blastocele.blastocoelic;

blastocoele blastocoele (blas´to-sel)

blastocele

blastocoelic blastocoelic (blas´to-se´lik)

blastocelic

Blastoconidium Blastoconidium (blas´to-co-nid´e-um)

A holoblastic conidium that is produced singly or in chains, and detached at maturity leaving a bud scar, as in the budding of a yeast cell.blastospore; [blasto- + conidium]

blastocyst blastocyst (blas´to-sist)

The modified blastula stage of mammalian embryos, consisting of the inner cell mass and a thin trophoblast layer enclosing the blastocele.blastodermic vesicle; [blasto- + G. kystis, bladder]

Blastocystis Blastocystis (blas´to-sis´tis)

A genus of yeastlike parasites in the digestive tract of mammals; generally considered nonpathogenic. Its relationship to fungi is now being questioned owing to protozoan characteristics, such as lack of cell walls, a membrane-bound central body, pseudopod activity, protozoan type of Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and reproduction by sporulation or binary fission rather than by budding.
B. hominis a species of B. widespread among humans, formerly considered harmless, now recognized as a cause of mild persistent diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms and eosinophilia when found in heavy infections.

blastocyte blastocyte (blas´to-sIt)

An undifferentiated blastomere of the morula or blastula stage of an embryo. [blasto- + G. kytos, cell]

blastocytoma blastocytoma (blas´to-sI-to´ma)

blastoma

blastoderm blastoderm , blastoderma (blas´to-derm, -to-der´ma)

The thin, disk-shaped cell mass of a young embryo and its extraembryonic extensions over the surface of the yolk; when fully formed, all three primary germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) are present.germ membrane, germinal membrane, membrana germinativa; [blasto- + G. derma, skin]
bilaminar b. the b. of a young embryo when it consists of only two of the three primary germ layers it will ultimately have.
embryonic b. that part of the b. that takes part in the formation of the embryonic body.
extraembryonic b. that part of the b. which is not incorporated in the embryo but forms membranes concerned in its nourishment and protection.
trilaminar b. the b. after all three of the primary germ layers have been established.

blastodermal blastodermal , blastodermic (blas-to-der´mal, -der´mik)

Relating to the blastoderm.

blastodisk blastodisk (blas´to-disk)

1. The disk of active cytoplasm at the animal pole of a telolecithal egg. 2. The blastoderm, especially in very young stages when its extent is small.

blastogenesis blastogenesis (blas-to-jen´e-sis)

1. Reproduction of unicellular organisms by budding. 2. Development of an embryo during cleavage and germ layer formation. 3. Transformation of small lymphocytes of human peripheral blood in tissue culture into large, morphologically primitive blast-like cells capable of undergoing mitosis; can be induced by a variety of agents including phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, certain antigens to which the cell donor has been previously immunized, and leukocytes from an unrelated individual. [blasto- + G. genesis, origin]

blastogenetic blastogenetic , blastogenic (blas´to-je-net´ik, -to-jen´ik)

Relating to blastogenesis.

blastolysis blastolysis (blas-tol´i-sis)

Dissolution or destruction of the blastocyst or blast cells and subsequent death. [blasto- + G. lysis, loosening]

blastolytic blastolytic (blas-to-lit´ik)

Relating to blastolysis.

blastoma blastoma (blas-to´ma)

A neoplasm composed chiefly or entirely of immature undifferentiated cells (i.e., blast forms), with little or virtually no stroma.blastocytoma, embryonal carcinosarcoma; [blasto- + G. -oma, tumor]

blastomere blastomere (blas´to-mer)

One of the cells into which the egg divides after its fertilization.cleavage cell, embryonic cell; [blasto- + G. meros, part]

blastomerotomy blastomerotomy (blas´to-mer-ot´o-me)

blastotomy [blastomere + G. tome, incision]

blastomogenic blastomogenic (blas´to-mo-jen´ik)

Causing or producing a blastoma.

Blastomyces dermatitidis Blastomyces dermatitidis (blas-to-mI´sez der-ma-tit´i-dis)

A dimorphic soil fungus that causes blastomycosis. It grows in mammalian tissues as budding cells and in culture as a white to buff-colored filamentous fungus bearing spherical or ovoid conidia on terminal or lateral short, slender conidiophores. In its perfect (teleomorph) state it is known as Ajellomyces dermatitidis. [blasto- + G. mykes, fungus]

blastomycin blastomycin (blas-to-mI´sin)

An antigen for intradermal testing prepared from sterile filtrates of cultures of the filamentous form of Blastomyces dermatitidis.

blastomycosis blastomycosis (blas´to-mI-ko´sis)

A chronic granulomatous and suppurative disease caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis; originates as a respiratory infection and disseminates, usually with pulmonary, osseous, and/or cutaneous involvement predominating. Formerly called North American b., the disease now has been found in African states as well as in Canada and the U.S.Gilchrist's disease;
Brazilian b. obsolete term for paracoccidioidomycosis.
cutaneous b. skin lesions seen with infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis.
North American b. See blastomycosis.
South American b. paracoccidioidomycosis
systemic b. infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis extending beyond the skin or the lung, the usual portals of entry; involvement of bone and genitourinary tract (esp. prostate and epididymis) are most frequent.

blastoneuropore blastoneuropore (blas´to-nu´ro-por)

A temporary opening formed in some embryos by the union of the blastopore and neuropore. [blasto- + neuropore]

blastophore blastophore (blas´to-for)

An early stage of division of a coccidial schizont in which spheroid or ellipsoid structures are formed with a single peripheral layer of nuclei; merozoites form at the surface of the b. over each nucleus, grow out radially, and separate from the residual body (remnant of the b.); in a first-generation schizont such as Eimeria bovis, about 120,000 merozoites are produced. [blasto- + G. phoros, bearing]

blastopore blastopore (blas´to-por)

The opening into the archenteron formed by invagination of the blastula to form a gastrula.protostoma, protostome; [blasto- + G. poros, opening]

blastospore blastospore (blas´to-spor)

Blastoconidium [blasto- + G. sporos, seed]

blastotomy blastotomy (blas-tot´o-me)

Experimental destruction of one or more blastomeres.blastomerotomy; [blasto- + G. tome, incision]

blastula blastula (blas´tyu-la)

An early stage of an embryo formed by the rearrangement of the blastomeres of the morula to form a hollow sphere. [G. blastos, germ]

blastular blastular (blas´tyu-lar)

Pertaining to the blastula.

blastulation blastulation (blas-tyu-la´shun)

Formation of the blastula or blastocyst from the morula.

Blatin Blatin

Marc, French physician, *1878. See B.'s syndrome.

Blatta Blatta (blat´a)

A genus of insects (family Blattidae) that includes the abundant oriental cockroach, B. orientalis. The dried insect yields antihydropin, a diuretic principle. [L. cockroach]

Blattella Blattella (bla-tel´a)

A genus of cockroaches, (family Blattidae) that includes B. germanica, the German cockroach or croton bug, probably the most familiar and widespread of the cockroaches. [L. blatta, cockroach]

Blattidae Blattidae (blat´i-de)

A family of insects (order Blattaria) consisting of over 4,000 species of cockroaches, largely tropical but worldwide in distribution, including a number of abundant pests of households, kitchens, and institutions or facilities, wherever food is present; noxious wherever found, yet not positively incriminated in natural transmission of pathogenic organisms to man. Common household pests include the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, and the oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis. [L. blatta, cockroach]

bleb bleb

A large flaccid vesicle.

bleed bleed (bled)

To lose blood as a result of rupture or severance of blood vessels.

bleeder bleeder (bled´er)

Colloquialism for one suffering from hemophilia, Christmas disease, Osler's disease, or other clotting disorders.

bleeding bleeding (bled´ing)

Losing blood as a result of the rupture or severance of blood vessels.
dysfunctional uterine b. uterine b. due to a benign endocrine abnormality rather than to any organic disease.
occult b. See occult blood.

blemish blemish

1. A small circumscribed alteration of the skin considered to be unesthetic but insignificant. 2. To alter the skin, rendering an unesthetic appearance.

blennadenitis blennadenitis (blen-ad-e-nI´tis)

Inflammation of the mucous glands. [G. blennos, mucus, + aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]

blennemesis blennemesis (blen-em´e-sis)

Rarely used term for vomiting of mucus. [G. blennos, mucus, + emesis, vomiting]

blenno- blenno- , blenn-

Mucus. [G. blenna, blennos]

blennogenic blennogenic (blen-o-jen´ik)

muciparous [blenno- + G. -gen, to produce]

blennogenous blennogenous (ble-noj´e-nus)

muciparous

blennoid blennoid (blen´oyd)

muciform [blenno- + G. eidos, resemblance]

blennophthalmia blennophthalmia (blen-of-thal´me-a)

1. conjunctivitis 2. gonorrheal ophthalmia

blennorrhagia blennorrhagia (blen-o-ra´je-a)

blennorrhea [blenno- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

blennorrhagic blennorrhagic (blen-o-raj´ik)

blennorrheal

blennorrhea blennorrhea (blen-o-re´a)

1. Rarely used term for any mucous discharge, especially from the urethra or vagina. 2. In ophthalmic usage, was synonymous with conjunctivitis, but is now obsolete.blennorrhagia, myxorrhea; [blenno- + G. rhoia, a flow]
b. conjunctiva´lis gonorrheal ophthalmia
inclusion b. a neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
b. neonato´rum ophthalmia neonatorum
Stoerk's b. chronic, first purulent then dry, catarrh of the upper air passages with hypertrophy of the mucous membrane and submucosa, in many cases the same as scleroma.

blennorrheal blennorrheal (blen-o-re´al)

Rarely used term relating to blennorrhea.blennorrhagic;

blennostasis blennostasis (blen-os´ta-sis)

Rarely used term for diminution or suppression of secretion from the mucous membranes. [blenno- + G. stasis, standing]

blennostatic blennostatic (blen-o-stat´ik)

Rarely used term for diminishing mucous secretion.

blennuria blennuria (ble-nu´re-a)

The excretion of an excess of mucus in the urine. [blenno- + G. ouron, urine]

bleomycin sulfate bleomycin sulfate (ble-o-mI´sin)

An antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces verticillus.

blephar- blephar-

See blepharo-.

blepharadenitis blepharadenitis (blef´ar-ad-e-nI´tis)

Inflammation of the meibomian glands or the marginal glands of Moll or Zeis.blepharoadenitis; [blephar- + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]

blepharal blepharal (blef´a-ral)

Referring to the eyelids.

blepharectomy blepharectomy (blef´a-rek´to-me)

Excision of all or part of an eyelid. [blepharo- + G. ektome, excision]

blepharedema blepharedema (blef´ar-e-de´ma)

Edema of the eyelids, causing swelling and often a baggy appearance.

blepharitis blepharitis (blef´a-rI´tis)

Inflammation of the eyelids. [blepharo- + G. -itis, inflammation]
b. acar´ica demodectic b
b. angula´ris inflammation of the lid margins at the angles of the commissure.
ciliary b. b. marginalis
demodectic b. inflammation of the eyelid associated with Demodex folliculorum.b. acarica;
b. follicula´ris a deep-seated suppurative inflammation of ciliary follicles and the glands of Zeis and Moll of the eyelid.pustular b;
marginal b. b. marginalis
b. margina´lis inflammation of the margins of the eyelids.ciliary b., marginal b;
meibomian b. inflammation of the eyelid margin and the meibomian glands.
b. oleo´sa seborrheic b
b. parasit´ica marginal b. due to the presence of lice.b. phthiriatica, pediculous b;
pediculous b. b. parasitica
b. phthiriat´ica b. parasitica
pustular b. b. follicularis
b. rosa´cea inflammation of the margins of the eyelids in association with acne rosacea.
seborrheic b. a common type of chronic inflammation of the margins of the eyelids with erythema and white scales; often with an associated seborrheic dermatitis of scalp and face.b. oleosa, b. squamosa;
b. sic´ca inflammation of the margins of the eyelids in which the lashes are powdered with dry scales.
b. squamo´sa seborrheic b
b. ulcero´sa marginal b. with ulceration.

blepharo- blepharo- , blephar-

Eyelid. [G. blepharon, an eyelid]

blepharoadenitis blepharoadenitis (blef´a-ro-ad-e-nI´tis)

blepharadenitis

blepharoadenoma blepharoadenoma (blef´a-ro-ad-e-no´ma)

A tumor or adenoma of a gland of the eyelid. [blepharo- + G. aden, gland, + -oma, tumor]

blepharochalasis blepharochalasis (blef´a-ro-kal´a-sis)

A condition in which there is a redundancy of the skin of the upper eyelids so that a fold of skin hangs down, often concealing the tarsal margin when the eye is open.ptosis adiposa; [blepharo- + G. chalasis, a slackening]

blepharochromidrosis blepharochromidrosis (blef´a-ro-kro-mi-dro´sis)

Chromidrosis of the eyelids. [blepharo- + G. chroma, color, + hidrosis, sweat]

blepharoclonus blepharoclonus (blef-ar-ok´lo-nus)

Clonic spasm of the eyelids. [blepharo- + G. klonos, a tumult]

blepharocoloboma blepharocoloboma (blef´a-ro-kol-o-bo´ma)

A defect of the eyelid; may be congenital or acquired.ankyloblepharon; [blepharo- + coloboma]

blepharoconjunctivitis blepharoconjunctivitis (blef´a-ro-kon-junk-ti-vI´tis)

Inflammation of the palpebral conjunctiva.
seborrheic b. meibomian conjunctivitis

blepharodiastasis blepharodiastasis (blef´a-ro-dI-as´ta-sis)

Abnormal separation or inability to completely close the eyelids. [blepharo- + G. diastasis, separation]

blepharokeratoconjunctivitis blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (blef´a-ro-ker´a-to-kon-junk´ti-vI´tis)

An inflammation involving the eyelids, cornea, and conjunctiva.

blepharon blepharon (blef´a-ron)

eyelid [G. blepharon, eyelid]

blepharophimosis blepharophimosis (blef´a-ro-fi-mo´sis)

Decrease in the size of the palpebral aperture without fusion of lid margins.blepharostenosis; [blepharo- + G. phimosis, an obstruction]

blepharoplast blepharoplast (blef´a-ro-plast)

basal body [blepharo- + G. plastos, formed]

blepharoplastic blepharoplastic (blef´a-ro-plas´tik)

Relating to blepharoplasty.

blepharoplasty blepharoplasty (blef´a-ro-plast-te)

Any operation for the correction of a defect in the eyelids. [blepharo- + G. plasso, to form]

blepharoplegia blepharoplegia (blef´a-ro-ple´je-a)

Paralysis of an eyelid. [blepharo- + G. plege, stroke]

blepharoptosis blepharoptosis , blepharoptosia (blef´a-rop´to-sis, -rop-to´se-a)

Drooping of the upper eyelid.ptosis (2); [blepharo- + G. ptosis, a falling]
b. adipo´sa b. causing skin to hang over the free border of the eyelid.
false b. pseudoptosis

blepharospasm blepharospasm , blepharospasmus (blef´a-ro-spazm, -spaz´mus)

Involuntary spasmodic contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle; may occur in isolation or be associated with other dystonic contractions of facial, jaw, or neck muscles; usually initiated or aggravated by emotion, fatigue, or drugs.

blepharostat blepharostat (blef´a-ro-stat)

eye speculum [blepharo- + G. statos, fixed]

blepharostenosis blepharostenosis (blef´a-ro-ste-no´sis)

blepharophimosis [blepharo- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

blepharosynechia blepharosynechia (blef´a-ro-sin-ek´e-a)

Adhesion of the eyelids to each other or to the eyeball. [blepharo- + G. synecheia, continuity, fr. syn- echo, to hold together]

blepharotomy blepharotomy (blef-a-rot´o-me)

A cutting operation on an eyelid. [blepharo- + G. tome, incision]

blind blind (blInd)

Unable to see; without useful sight. See blindness.

blindness blindness (blInd´nes)

1. Loss of the sense of sight; absolute b. connotes no light perception. See also amblyopia, amaurosis. 2. Loss of visual appreciation of objects although visual acuity is normal. 3. Absence of the appreciation of sensation, e.g., taste b.typhlosis;
canine hereditary b. an autosomal dominant condition seen in dogs of the collie and several other breeds.
color b. misleading term for anomalous or deficient color vision; complete color b. is the absence of one of the primary cone pigments of the retina. See protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia.
cortical b. loss of sight due to an organic lesion in the visual cortex.
day b. hemeralopia
eclipse b. solar maculopathy
flash b. a temporary loss of vision produced when retinal light-sensitive pigments are bleached by light more intense than that to which the retina is physiologically adapted at that moment.
flight b. visual blackout in aviators. See also amaurosis fugax.
functional b. apparent loss of vision related to suggestibility.
hysterical b. loss of vision or blurring of vision following a highly traumatic event such as seeing one's child killed by a truck.
legal b. generally, visual acuity of less than 6/60 or 20/200 using Snellen test types, or visual field restriction to 20° or less in the better eye; the criteria used to define legal b. vary among different groups.
letter b. visual agnosia for letters. The subject sees the letters but cannot identify them; caused by a lesion in the occipital cortex.
mind b. visual agnosia for objects. The subjet sees the object, but cannot identify it; due to a lesion in area 18 of the occipital cortex.object b., psychanopsia, psychic b;
moon b. periodic ophthalmia
music b. musical alexia
night b. nyctalopia
note b. musical alexia
object b. mind b
psychic b. mind b
river b. ocular onchocerciasis
sight b. asymbolia
sign b. visual agnosia for signs.
snow b. severe photophobia secondary to ultraviolet keratoconjunctivitis.
solar b. solar maculopathy
taste b. inability to appreciate gustatory stimuli.
text b. , word b. alexia

blister blister

1. A fluid-filled thin-walled structure under the epidermis or within the epidermis (subepidermal or intradermal). 2. To form a b. with heat or some other vesiculating agent.
blood b. a b. containing blood; resulting from a pinch or crushing injury.
fever b. colloquialism for herpes simplex of the lips.
fly b. a cantharidal b. caused by discharge of a vesicating body fluid by certain beetles, particularly members of the family Meloidae which produce cantharidin, e.g., Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria, the notorious "Spanish fly;" non-cantharidin vesicating fluid is produced by other beetles, such as rove beetles (family Staphylinidae), especially the genus Paederus, whose fluid, on contact with the skin, produces an intensely painful b.
flying b. a misnomer for a vesicator agent applied successively to different skin areas and kept in one place just long enough to cause redness but not long enough to cause a b.

blistering blistering

vesiculation (1)

bloat bloat , bloating (blot, blot´ing)

1. Abdominal distention from swallowed air or intestinal gas from fermentation. 2. Distention of the rumen of cattle, caused by the accumulation of gases of fermentation, particularly likely to occur when the animals are pastured on rich legume grasses; if unrelieved, the condition may quickly lead to death.

Bloch Bloch

Marcel, French physician, 1885-1925. See B.'s reaction.

Bloch Bloch

Bruno, Swiss dermatologist, 1878-1933. See B.-Sulzberger disease, syndrome.

block block

1. To obstruct; to arrest passage through. 2. A condition in which the passage of an electrical impulse is arrested, wholly or in part, temporarily or permanently. 3. atrioventricular b [Fr. bloquer]
alveolo-capillary b. the presence of material that impairs the diffusion of gases between the air in the alveolar spaces and the blood in alveolar capillaries; b. can be caused by edema, cellular infiltration, fibrosis, or tumor, and results in undersaturation of peripheral arterial blood with oxygen.
anterograde b. conduction b. of an impulse traveling anywhere in its ordinary direction, for example, from the sinoatrial node toward the ventricular myocardium.
arborization b. intraventricular b. supposedly due to widespread blockage in the Purkinje ramifications and manifested in the electrocardiogram by a pattern similar to bundle-branch b. but with complexes of low amplitude.
atrioventricular b. , A-V b. partial or complete b. of electric impulses originating in the atrium or sinus node preventing them from reaching the atrioventricular node and ventricles. In first degree A-V b., there is prolongation of A-V conduction time (P-R interval); in second degree A-V b., some but not all atrial impulses fail to reach the ventricles, thus some ventricular beats are dropped; in complete A-V b., complete atrioventricular dissociation (2) occurs; no impulses can reach the ventricles despite even a slow ventricular rate (under 45 per minute); atria and ventricles beat independently.block (3), heart b;
bone b. a surgical procedure in which the bone adjacent to the joint is modified to limit the motion of the joint mechanically; e.g., at the ankle joint to correct foot-drop by preventing extension below 90°, but allowing flexion within 90°.
bundle-branch b. intraventricular b. due to interruption of conduction in one of the two main branches of the bundle of His and manifested in the electrocardiogram by marked prolongation of the QRS complex; b. of each branch has distinctive QRS morphology.
complete A-V b. complete atrioventricular dissociation (2), complete A-V dissociation; See atrioventricular b.
conduction b. failure of impulse transmission at some point along a nerve, although conduction along the segments proximal and distal to it are unaffected. Clinically, most often caused by an area of focal demyelination; when caused by focal trauma, called neurapraxia.
congenital heart b. atrioventricular b. present in utero or at birth and usually of advanced or complete degree.
depolarizing b. skeletal muscle paralysis associated with loss of polarity of the motor endplate, as occurs following administration of succinylcholine.
entrance b. protective b
epidural b. an obstruction in the epidural space; used inaccurately to refer to epidural anesthesia.
exit b. inability of an impulse to leave its point of origin, the mechanism for which is conceived as an encircling zone of refractory tissue denying passage to the emerging impulse.
fascicular b. a condition based on the concept that the left branch of the bundle of His provides two of three major fascicles of a system of conduction, of which the right bundle branch constitutes the third, for the transmission of the cardiac impulse from the atrium above to the ventricles below the A-V node; block may occur in any or all fascicles, all three together producing complete A-V block. See also hemiblock.
field b. regional anesthesia produced by infiltration of local anesthetic solution into tissues surrounding an operative field.
first degree A-V b. See atrioventricular b.
heart b. atrioventricular b
incomplete atrioventricular b. partial heart b
intra-atrial b. impaired conduction through the atria, manifested by widened and often notched P waves in the electrocardiogram.
intraventricular b. (IVB) , I-V b. delayed conduction within the ventricular conducting system or myocardium, including bundle-branch, peri-infarction b.'s, the fascicular b.'s, excitation, and the W-P-W (pre-expectation) syndrome.
Mobitz b. second degree atrioventricular b. in which there is a ratio of two or more atrial deflections (P waves) to ventricular responses.
Mobitz types of atrioventricular b. type I, the dropped beat of the Wenckebach phenomenon; type II, a dropped cardiac cycle that occurs without alteration in the conduction of the preceding intervals.
nerve b. interruption of conduction of impulses in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by injection of local anesthetic solution.
nondepolarizing b. skeletal mucle paralysis unaccompanied by changes in polarity of the motor endplate, as occurs following administration of tubocurarine.
partial heart b. impulses penetrate the atrioventricular junction in some relation to the ventricular rate.incomplete atrioventricular b;
peri-infarction b. an electrocardiographic abnormality associated with an old myocardial infarct and caused by delayed activation of the myocardium in the region of the infarct; characterized by an initial vector directed away from the infarcted region with the terminal vector directed toward it.
phase I b. inhibition of nerve impulse transmission across the myoneural junction associated with depolarization of the motor endplate, as in the muscle paralysis produced by succinylcholine.
phase II b. inhibition of nerve impulse transmission across the myoneural junction unaccompanied by depolarization of the motor endplate, as in the muscle paralysis produced by tubocurarine.
protective b. an incompletely understood mechanism whereby a pacemaker is protected from being discharged by the impulse from another center; the mechanism, usually conceived as an encircling zone of unidirectionally refractory tissue permitting egress of impulses from the center but preventing access to the center, is seen in operation in ventricular parasystole where the parasystolic center is protected from discharge by the sinus pacemaker and so is able to maintain its intrinsic rhythm undisturbed.entrance b., protection;
retrograde b. impaired conduction backward from the ventricles or A-V node into the atria.
second degree A-V b. See atrioventricular b.
sinoatrial b. , S-A b. , sinus b. blockade of the impulse leaving the sinus node before it can activate atrial muscle.sinoauricular b;
sinoauricular b. sinoatrial b
spinal b. an obstruction to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space; used inaccurately to refer to spinal anesthesia.
stellate b. injection of local anesthetic solution in the vicinity of the stellate ganglion.
suprahisian b. atrioventricular conduction delay occurring above, or cephalad to, the bundle of His.
unidirectional b. b. that prevents passage of an impulse when it approaches from one direction but not from the other, as when b. in the A-V node prevents anterograde conduction to the ventricles while retrograde conduction to the atria remains intact.
Wenckebach b. a form of b. in any cardiac tissue (most often the atrioventricular junction) in which there is progressive lengthening of conduction until the beat is dropped.
Wilson b. the commonest form of right bundle-branch b., characterized in lead I by a tall slender R wave followed by a wider S wave of lower voltage.
Wolff-Chaikoff b. blocking of the organic binding of iodine and its incorporation into hormone caused by large doses of iodine; usually a transient effect, but in large doses in susceptible individuals it can be prolonged and cause iodine myxedema.Wolff-Chaikoff effect;

blockade blockade (blok´ad)

1. Intravenous injection of large amounts of colloidal dyes or other substances whereby the reaction of the reticuloendothelial cells to other influences (e.g., by phagocytosis) is temporarily prevented. 2. Arrest of peripheral nerve conduction or transmission at autonomic synaptic junctions, autonomic receptor sites, or myoneural junctions by a drug.
adrenergic b. selective inhibition by a drug of the responses of effector cells to adrenergic sympathetic nerve impulses (sympatholytic) and to epinephrine and related amines (adrenolytic).
cholinergic b. 1. inhibition by a drug of nerve impulse transmission at autonomic ganglionic synapses (ganglionic b.), at postganglionic parasympathetic effector cells (e.g., by atropine), and at myoneural junctions (myoneural b.); 2. the inhibition of a cholinergic agent.
ganglionic b. inhibition of nerve impulse transmission at autonomic ganglionic synapses by drugs such as nicotine or hexamethonium.
myoneural b. inhibition of nerve impulse transmission at myoneural junctions by a drug such as curare.
narcotic b. the use of drugs to inhibit the effects of narcotic substances, as with naloxone.
sympathetic b. interruption of transmission in sympathetic ganglia or conduction of impulses in pre- or postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers.
virus b. the interference of one virus by another, either attenuated or unrelated.

blocker blocker (blok´er)

1. An instrument used to obstruct a passage. 2. See blocking agent.
calcium channel b. a class of drugs with the capacity to prevent calcium ions from passing through biologic membranes. These agents are used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and cardiac arrhythmias; examples include nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil.

blocking blocking (blok´ing)

1. Obstructing; arresting of passage, conduction, or transmission. 2. In psychoanalysis, a sudden break in free association occurring when a painful subject or repressed complex is touched. 3. Sudden cessation of thoughts and speech, which may indicate the presence of a severe thought disorder or a psychosis.
alpha b. the attenuation of the occipital alpha rhythm (8-14 Hz brain waves as seen on an electroencephalogram), produced by opening the eyes or by intense mental concentration.

block-out block-out (blok´owt)

Elimination of undercuts by filling such areas with a medium such as wax or wet pumice.

Blocq Blocq

Paul O., French physician, 1860-1896. See B.'s disease.

blood blood (blud)

The "circulating tissue" of the body; the fluid and its suspended formed elements that are circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; b. is the means by which 1) oxygen and nutritive materials are transported to the tissues, and 2) carbon dioxide and various metabolic products are removed for excretion. The b. consists of a pale yellow or gray-yellow fluid, plasma, in which are suspended red b. cells (erythrocytes), white b. cells (leukocytes), and platelets. See also arterial b., venous b. [A.S. blod]
arterial b. b. that is oxygenated in the lungs, found in the left chambers of the heart and in the arteries, and relatively bright red.
cord b. b. present in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery.
laky b. b. that is undergoing or has undergone laking. See lake (2), laky.
occult b. b. in the feces in amounts too small to be seen but detectable by chemical tests.
sludged b. b. in which the corpuscles, as a result of some general abnormal state, e.g., burns, traumatic shock, and similar stresses, become massed together in the capillaries, and thereby block the vessels or move slowly through them.
venous b. b. which has passed through the capillaries of various tissues, except the lungs, and is found in the veins, the right chambers of the heart, and the pulmonary arteries; it is usually dark red as a result of a lower content of oxygen.
whole b. b. drawn from a selected donor under rigid aseptic precautions; contains citrate ion or heparin as an anticoagulant; used as a b. replenisher.

blood bank blood bank

A place, usually a separate part or division of a hospital laboratory or a separtate free-standing facility, in which blood is collected from donors, typed, separated into several components, stored, and/or prepared for transfusion to recipients.

blood count blood count

Calculation of the number of red (RBC) or white (WBC) blood cells in a cubic millimeter of blood, by means of counting the cells in an accurate volume of diluted blood.
complete b.c. (CBC) a combination of the following determinations: red blood cell count, white blood cell count, erythrocyte indices, hematocrit, and differential blood count.
differential white b.c. an estimate of the percentage of white blood cell types which make up the total white blood cell count.
Schilling's b.c. a method of counting blood in which the polymorphonuclear neutrophils are separated into four groups according to the number and arrangement of the nuclear masses in these cells.Schilling's index;

blood dust blood dust

hemoconia

blood group blood group

A system of genetically determined antigens or agglutinogens located on the surface of the erythrocyte. Each b.g. is determined by closely linked loci. Because of the antigen differences existing between individuals, b.g.'s are significant in blood transfusions, maternal-fetal incompatibilities (erythroblastosis fetalis), tissue and organ transplantation, disputed paternity cases, and in genetic and anthropologic studies; certain b.g.'s have been supposed to be related to susceptibility or resistance to certain diseases. Often used as synonymous with blood type. See Blood Groups appendix for individual groups: ABO, Auberger, Diego, Duffy, I, Kell, Kidd, Lewis, Lutheran, MNSs, P, Rh, Sutter, Xg, and the low frequency and high frequency blood groups.
private b.g. a b.g. that is known to have occurred in only one family and is traceable to one single person.

blood grouping blood grouping

The classification of blood samples by means of laboratory tests of their agglutination reactions with respect to one or more blood groups. In general, a suspension of erythrocytes to be tested is exposed to a known specific antiserum; agglutination of the erythrocytes indicates that they possess the antigen for which the antiserum is specific. Certain antisera require special testing conditions.

bloodless bloodless (blud´les)

Without blood.

bloodletting bloodletting (blud´let-ing)

Removing blood, usually from a vein (phlebotomy); formerly used as a general remedial measure, but used now in congestive heart failure and polycythemia.
general b. removing blood by arteriotomy or phlebotomy.
local b. removing blood from the smaller vessels, formerly by a cupping glass or by leeching.

blood puzzles blood puzzles

Foreign bodies or deformed blood cells that may be misinterpreted as infectious agents (e.g., bacteria, fungi) in stained films as a result of similarities in morphology and staining properties.

blood relative blood relative

A relative of a person sharing some of the sources from which genes are derived. These will include many of the genes that operate in the blood and its constituents but no special importance attaches to the blood as a vehicle of inheritance. Spouses are not ordinarily blood relatives and when they are, the marriage is consanguineous and carries a higher risk than average of progeny homozygous by descent from ancestors in common. Such marriages are discouraged and within certain degrees of kindred may be illegal. [a folk metaphor of breeding]

bloodshot bloodshot (blud´shot)

Denoting locally congested smaller blood vessels of a part (e.g., the conjunctiva) which are dilated and visible.

bloodstream bloodstream (blud´strem)

The flowing blood as it is encountered in the circulatory system as distinguished from blood that has been removed from the circulatory system or sequestered in a part; thus, something added to the b. may be expected to become distributed to all parts of the body through which blood is flowing.

blood type blood type

The specific reaction pattern of erythrocytes of an individual to the antisera of one blood group; e.g., the ABO blood group consists of four major b.t.'s: O, A, B, and AB. This classification depends on the presence or absence of two major antigens: A or B. Type O occurs when neither is present and type AB when both are present. The b.t. is the genetic phenotype of the individual for one blood group system and may be determined using different antisera available for testing. See Blood Groups appendix.

blood vessel blood vessel

A tube (artery, capillary, vein, or sinus) conveying blood.
retinal b.v.'s the blood vasculature of the retina, including the branches and tributaries of the central retinal artery and vein, respectively, and the vascular circle of the optic nerve.vasa sanguinea retinae [NA];

bloodworm bloodworm (blud´werm)

1. The filarial parasite of sheep, Elaeophora schneideri. 2. Red aquatic larvae of certain dipterous gnats and midges. 3. Marine annelids in the family Terebellidae with soft bodies and red blood. 4. Blood-inhabiting worms, such as the blood flukes of man in the genus Schistosoma.

Bloom Bloom

David, U.S. dermatologist, *1892. See B.'s syndrome.

blot blot

See Northern blot analysis, Southern blot analysis, Western blot analysis, zoo blot analysis.

blotch blotch

Commonly used term to denote a pigmented or erythematous lesion.

Blount Blount

Walter P., U.S. orthopedic surgeon, *1900. See B.'s disease; B.-Barber disease.

blowfly blowfly

See Calliphora, Lucilia, Phormia regina.

blowfly strike blowfly strike

cutaneous myiasis

blue blue (blu)

A color between green and violet on the spectrum. For individual blue dyes, see the specific name.cerulean;

bluebag bluebag

ovine mastitis

bluetongue bluetongue (blu´tung)

An infectious disease of sheep caused by bluetongue virus, a member of the Reoviridae family and transmitted by bloodsucking midges of the genus Culicoides; manifested by catarrhal inflammation of the mucosae of the mouth, nose, and intestinal tract, accompanied frequently by foot involvement and lameness; infection or vaccination with attenuated virus during early pregnancy causes brain and heart anomalies in lambs; infection of cattle and goats is often inapparent, but disease can be severe in some wild ruminants such as deer.soremuzzle;

Blum Blum

Paul, French physician, 1878-1933. See Gougerot and B. disease.

Blumberg Blumberg

Jacob M., German surgeon and gynecologist, 1873-1955. See B.'s sign.

Blumenau Blumenau

Leonid W., Russian neurologist, 1862-1932. See B.'s nucleus.

Blumenbach Blumenbach

Johann F., German physiologist, 1752-1840. See B.'s clivus.

Blumer Blumer

George, U.S. physician, 1858-1940. See B.'s shelf.

blunt-end blunt-end (blunt-ind)

Refers to double-stranded DNA in which there are no unpaired bases at the end.

blush blush (blush)

1. A sudden and brief redness of the face and neck due to emotion. 2. In angiography, used metaphorically to describe neovascularity or, in some cases, extravasation. [M.E., fr. O.E. blyscan,]

BLV BLV

Abbreviation for bovine leukemia virus.

B-mode B-mode

A two-dimensional diagnostic ultrasound presentation of echo-producing interfaces in a single plane; the intensity of the echo is represented by modulation of the brightness (B) of the spot, and the position of the echo is determined from the position of the transducer and the transit time of the acoustical pulse.

BMR BMR

Abbreviation for basal metabolic rate.

BNA BNA

Abbreviation for Basle Nomina Anatomica.

bobbing bobbing

An up-and-down movement.
inverse ocular b. slow downward eye movement followed by delayed quick upward return.
ocular b. sudden conjugate downward deviation of the eyes with a slow return to the normal position; seen in some comatose patients who have bilateral hemisphere lesions.

bobierrite bobierrite

The octahydrate of magnesium phosphate; Mg₃(PO₄)₂. 8H₂O; sometimes found in renal calculi. Cf. newberyite, struvite. [Pierre A. Bobierre, Fr. chemist, + -ite 4.]

BOC BOC , t-BOC

Abbreviations formerly used for t-butoxycarbonyl; current usage is Boc.

Boc Boc

Abbreviation for t-butoxycarbonyl.

Bochdalek Bochdalek

Vincent A., Czechoslovakian anatomist, 1801-1883. See B.'s foramen, ganglion, gap, hernia, muscle, valve; flower basket of B.

Bock Bock

August C., German anatomist, 1782-1833. See B.'s ganglion.

Bockhart Bockhart

Max, German physician, 1883-1921. See B.'s impetigo.

BOD BOD

Abbreviation for biochemical oxygen demand.

Bodansky Bodansky

Aaron, U.S. biochemist, 1887-1961. See B. unit.

Bödecker Bödecker

Charles F., U.S. oral histologist, embryologist, and pathologist, *1880. See B. index.

Bodian Bodian

David, U.S. anatomist, *1910. See B.'s copper-protargol stain.

Bodo Bodo (bo´do)

A genus of free-living, ovoid or slightly pyriform protozoa with two flagella, one projecting anteriorly and the other posteriorly; may be ingested as encysted forms in food or drink, or possibly deposited in feces or urine after excretion; in either instance, cysts frequently develop into trophozoites if the specimen is permitted to remain at room temperature for a few hours prior to examination; the organisms are not pathogenic in man.
B. cauda´tus a species that is found in specimens of human feces (especially in tropical regions); the organisms are frequently termed coprozoic flagellates.
B. sal´tans a species of the intestinal tract sometimes observed in ulcers.
B. urina´rius a species found occasionally in the urine.

body body (bod´e)

1. The head, neck, trunk, and extremities. The human body, consisting of head (caput), neck (collum), trunk (truncus), and limbs (membra). 2. The material part of a human, as distinguished from the mind and spirit. 3. The principal mass of any structure. 4. A thing; a substance. See also corpus, soma.corpus (1) [NA]; [A.S. bodig]
acetone b. ketone b
adrenal b. suprarenal gland
alcoholic hyaline b.'s Mallory b.'s
Alder b.'s granular inclusions in polymorphonuclear leukocytes; they take on a dark color with Giemsa-Wright stain and react metachromatically with toluidine blue. See also Alder's anomaly.
alveolar b. alveolar process
amygdaloid b. a rounded mass of gray matter in the temporal lobe internal to the cortex of the uncus and immediately anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle; its major afferents are olfactory and its efferent connections are with the hypothalamus and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and it is also reciprocally associated with the cortex of the temporal lobe; it is subdivided into two major nuclear groups; basolateral and corticormedial.corpus amygdaloideum [NA], almond nucleus, amygdaloid complex, amygdaloid nucleus, nucleus amygdalae;
amylogenic b. amyloplast
amyloid b.'s of the prostate obsolete term for small masses of colloid material often present in the tubules of the gland. See also corpus amylaceum.
anococcygeal b. anococcygeal ligament
anterior quadrigeminal b. superior colliculus
aortic b.'s para-aortic b.'s
Arnold's b.'s small portions or minute fragments of erythrocytes (sometimes mistaken for blood platelets), or small "ghosts" of erythrocytes.
asbestos b.'s ferruginous b.'s with asbestos fibers as a core; a histologic hallmark of exposure to asbestos.
Aschoff b.'s a form of granulomatous inflammation characteristically observed in acute rheumatic carditis; fully developed Aschoff b.'s consist of fibrinoid change in connective tissue, lymphocytes, occasional plasma cells, and abnormal characteristic histiocytes.Aschoff nodules;
asteroid b. 1. an eosinophilic inclusion resembling a star with delicate radiating lines, occurring in a vacuolated area of cytoplasm of a multinucleated giant cell; especially frequent in sarcoidosis, but occurs also in other granulomas; 2. a structure that is characteristic of sporotrichosis when found in the skin or secondary lesions of this mycosis; in tissue, it surrounds the 3- to 5-mum in diameter ovoid yeast of Sporothrix schenkii.
Auer b.'s rod-shaped structures of uncertain nature in the cytoplasm of immature myeloid cells, especially myeloblasts, in acute myelocytic leukemia; may be an abnormal form of lysosomes; they contain peroxidase and acid phosphatase, and stain red by azure-eosin stains.Auer rods;
Babès-Ernst b.'s intracellular granules, present in many species of bacteria, which possess a strong affinity for nuclear stains.
Barr chromatin b. sex chromatin
basal b. an elongated centriolar structure situated at the base of each cilium at the apical margin of a cell.basal corpuscle, basal granule, blepharoplast, kinetosome;
bigeminal b.'s a bilateral single swelling of the roofplate of the embryonic midbrain that later in development becomes subdivided into a superior and an inferior colliculus. See quadrigeminal b.'s.corpora bigemina;
Bollinger b.'s relatively large, spheroid or ovoid, usually somewhat granular, acidophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusion b.'s observed in the infected tissues of birds with fowlpox; when b.'s are ruptured large numbers of fowlpox virus particles are released.
Borrel b.'s particles of fowlpox virus; aggregates of Borrel b.'s in infected cells result in the formation of Bollinger b.'s.
brassy b. a dark-colored, usually shrunken erythrocyte in which there is a malarial parasite.
Cabot's ring b.'s ring-shaped or figure-of-eight structures that stain red with Wright's stain, found in red blood cells in severe anemias, possibly a remnant of the nuclear membrane; a form of basophilic degenerative process.
Call-Exner b.'s small fluid-filled spaces between granulosal cells in ovarian follicles and in ovarian tumors of granulosal origin; they may form a rosette-like structure.
cancer b.'s discrete, acidophilic or amphophilic, hyaline b.'s of various shapes and sizes, occurring in the cytoplasm of some of the neoplastic cells and also extracellularly in the stroma of various carcinomas and sarcomas; formerly regarded by some observers as parasitic causal agents, but now thought to be products of cell necrosis (apoptosis).
carotid b. a small epithelioid structure located just above the bifurcation of the common carotid artery on each side. It consists of granular principal cells and nongranular supporting cells, a sinusoidal vascular bed, and a rich network of sensory fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve. It serves as a chemoreceptor organ responsive to oxygen lack, carbon dioxide excess, and increased hydrogen ion concentration.glomus caroticum [NA], intercarotid b., nodulus caroticus;
b. of caudate nucleus the suprathalamic part of the caudate nucleus lying in the floor of the central part of the lateral ventricle.corpus nuclei caudati [NA];
cavernous b. of clitoris corpus cavernosum clitoridis
cavernous b. of penis corpus cavernosum penis
cell b. the part of the cell containing the nucleus.
central b. cytocentrum
central fibrous b. the fibrous area where the leaflets of the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves meet in the heart.
chromaffin b. paraganglion
chromatin b. the genetic apparatus of bacteria. See nucleus (2).
ciliary b. a thickened portion of the vascular tunic of the eye between the choroid and the iris; it consists of three parts or zones; orbiculus ciliaris, corona ciliaris, and ciliary muscle.corpus ciliare [NA], annulus ciliaris;
Civatte b.'s eosinophilic hyaline spherical b.'s seen in or just beneath the epidermis, particularly in lichen planus, formed by necrosis of individual basal cells.colloid b.'s;
b. of clavicle the sinuous portion of the clavicle between the sternal and acromial extremities.corpus claviculae [NA];
b. of clitoris the shaft or pendulous portion of the clitoris, composed of two fused corpora cavernosa clitoridae, the distal end of which is the glans clitoris.corpus clitoridis [NA];
coccygeal b. an arteriovenous (arteriolovenular) anastomosis supplied by the middle sacral artery and located on the pelvic surface of the coccyx. It was formerly called a gland (of Luschka) or a glomus and included with the paraganglia.corpus coccygeum [NA], arteriococcygeal gland, coccygeal gland, glomus coccygeum;
colloid b.'s Civatte b.'s
compressible cavernous b.'s submucous venous plexuses found at the level of the pharyngoesophageal junction and anal canal, which assist in reducing or obliterating the lumen.
conchoidal b.'s Schaumann b.'s
Councilman b. , Councilman hyaline b. an eosinophilic globule, seen in the liver in yellow fever, derived from necrosis of a single hepatic cell.Councilman's lesion;
Cowdry's type A inclusion b.'s droplet-like masses of acidophilic material surrounded by clear halos within nuclei, with margination of chromatin on the nuclear membrane.
Cowdry's type B inclusion b.'s droplet-like masses of acidophilic material surrounded by clear halos within nuclei, without other nuclear changes during early stages of development of the inclusion.
creola b.'s large compact clusters of ciliated columnar cells found in the sputum of some asthmatic patients.
cyanobacterium-like b.'s Cyclospora
cytoid b.'s swollen retinal nerve fibers which look like cells when cut transversely; found in cotton-wool patches.
cytoplasmic inclusion b.'s See inclusion b.'s.
Deetjen's b.'s platelet
demilune b. a circular b. of extreme transparency except for a crescentic punctate substance on one edge which contains hemoglobin. The b. is much larger than a red blood cell, but is thought possibly to be a degenerated red blood cell swollen by imbibition; it has been found in malaria and in convalescence from typhoid fever; the transparent portion is called the glass b.
Döhle b.'s discrete round or oval b.'s ranging in diameter from just visible to 2 mum, which stain sky blue to gray blue with Romanowsky stains, found in neutrophils of patients with infections, burns, trauma, pregnancy, or cancer.Döhle inclusions, leukocyte inclusions;
Donovan's b.'s clusters of blue or black staining, bipolar chromatin condensations in large mononuclear cells in granulation tissue infected with Calymmatobacterium granulomatis.
Ehrlich's inner b. a round oxyphil b. found in the red blood cell in case of hemocytolysis due to a specific blood poison.Heinz-Ehrlich b;
elementary b.'s 1. (E.B., EB) old term for virions, especially the largest virus particles, visible by light microscopy when stained; 2. platelet
b. of epididymis the middle part that extends downward from the head to the tail of the epididymis on the posterior surface of the testis.corpus epididymidis [NA];
epithelial b. parathyroid gland
fat b. of cheek buccal fat-pad
fat b. of ischiorectal fossa ischiorectal fat-pad
fat b. of orbit orbital fat-pad
ferruginous b.'s in the lungs, foreign inorganic or organic fibers coated by complexes of hemosiderin and glycoproteins, and believed to be formed by macrophages that have phagocytized the fibers. See also asbestos b.'s.
foreign b. anything in the tissues or cavities of the b. that has been introduced there from without, and that is not rapidly absorbable.
b. of fornix the middle part of the fornix situated ventral to the corpus callosum.corpus fornicis [NA];
fruiting b. any fungal structure that bears spores.
fuchsin b.'s 1. Russell b.'s 2. hyaline b.'s
b. of gallbladder the main part of the gallbladder terminating in the rounded fundus below and continuing into the neck of the gallbladder above.corpus vesicae biliaris [NA], corpus vesicae felleae [NA];
Gamna-Favre b.'s characteristic, relatively large, intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusion b.'s observed in endothelial cells in lymphogranuloma venereum; probably composed of degenerated nuclear material. See also Miyagawa b.'s.
Gamna-Gandy b.'s small firm spheroidal or irregular foci that are yellow-brown, brown, or rustlike in color, occurring chiefly in the spleen in such conditions as congestive splenomegaly and sickle cell disease, and consisting of relatively dense fibrous tissue or collagenous fibers impregnated with iron pigment and calcium salts; probably result from organization and scarring of sites where small perivascular hemorrhages occurred.Gamna-Gandy nodules, Gandy-Gamna b.'s, siderotic nodules;
Gandy-Gamna b.'s Gamna-Gandy b.'s
geniculate b. See lateral geniculate b., medial geniculate b.
glass b. See demilune b.
glomus b. glomus (2)
Golgi b. Golgi apparatus
Guarnieri b.'s intracytoplasmic acidophilic inclusion b.'s observed in epithelial cells in variola (smallpox) and vaccinia infections, and which include aggregations of Paschen b.'s or virus particles.
Halberstaedter-Prowazek b.'s trachoma b.'s
Hassall-Henle b.'s hyaline b.'s on the posterior surface of Descemet's membrane at the periphery of the cornea.Henle's warts;
Hassall's b.'s thymic corpuscle
Heinz b.'s intracellular inclusions usually attached to the red cell membrane, composed of denatured hemoglobin; they occur in thalassemia, enzymopathies, hemoglobinopathies, and after splenectomy. Visualization of these usually requires examination of red cells using supravital stains or by phase microscopy.
Heinz-Ehrlich b. Ehrlich's inner b
hematoxylin b.'s , hematoxyphil b.'s poorly defined, homogeneous basophilic remnants of whole nuclei, an occasional finding in the fixed tissues of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, but observed more frequently in the renal glomeruli and the walls of blood vessels, and probably related to the LE phenomenon; so named because of their affinity for hematoxylin stain.
Herring b.'s accumulations of neurosecretory granules in dilated terminal endings of axons in the neurohypophysis.
Highmore's b. mediastinum testis
Howell-Jolly b.'s spherical or ovoid eccentrically located granules, approximately 1 mum in diameter, occasionally observed in the stroma of circulating erythrocytes, especially in stained preparations (as compared with wet unstained films); probably represent nuclear remnants, inasmuch as they can be stained with dyes that are rather specific for chromatin; the significance of the b.'s is not exactly known; they occur most frequently after splenectomy or in megaloblastic or severe hemolytic anemia.Jolly b.'s;
hyaline b.'s homogeneous eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells; in renal tubules, hyaline b.'s represent droplets of protein reabsorbed from the lumen. See also Mallory b.'s, drusen.fuchsin b.'s (2);
hyaline b.'s of pituitary accumulations of a gelatinous neurosecretory substance in the axons of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.
hyaloid b. vitreous b
b. of hyoid bone the body of the hyoid bone, from which the greater and lesser horns extend.corpus ossis hyoidei [NA], base of hyoid bone, basihyal, basihyoid;
b. of ilium it forms the upper two-fifths of the acetabulum and joins the pubis and ischium in the acetabulum. It continues above into the ala or wing of the ilium.corpus ossis ilii [NA];
inclusion b.'s distinctive structures frequently formed in the nucleus or cytoplasm (occasionally in both locations) in cells infected with certain filtrable viruses, observed especially in nerve, epithelial, or endothelial cells; may be demonstrated by means of various stains, especially Mann's eosin methylene blue or Giemsa's techniques. Nuclear inclusion b.'s are usually acidophilic and are of two morphologic types: 1) granular, hyaline, or amorphous b.'s of various sizes, i.e., Cowdry's type A inclusion b.'s, occurring in such diseases as herpes simplex infection or yellow fever; 2) more circumscribed b.'s, frequently with several in the same nucleus (and no reaction in adjacent tissue), i.e., the type B b.'s, occurring in such diseases as Rift Valley fever and poliomyelitis. Cytoplasmic inclusion b.'s may be: 1) acidophilic, relatively large, spherical or ovoid, and somewhat granular, as in variola or vaccinia, rabies, and molluscum contagiosum; 2) basophilic, relatively large, complex combinations of viral and cellular material, as in trachoma, psittacosis, and lymphogranuloma venereum. In some instances, inclusion b.'s are known to be infective and probably represent aggregates of virus particles in combination with cellular material, whereas others are apparently not infective and may represent only abnormal products formed by the cell in response to injury. Inclusion b.'s that resemble some of those known to be related to viral infections are occasionally observed in degenerative diseases and in lead poisoning.
b. of incus the main part of the incus that articulates with the malleus and from which the short and long limbs arise.corpus incudis [NA];
infrapatellar fat b. infrapatellar fat-pad
intercarotid b. carotid b
intermediate b. of Flemming midbody
interrenal b.'s distinct paired or unpaired structures in all fishes, which lie in close proximity to the kidney, homologous to the cortical tissue of the mammalian adrenal gland.interrenal glands;
b. of ischium the entire ischium with the exception of the ramus.corpus ossis ischii [NA];
Jaworski's b.'s mucous shreds in the gastric contents in hyperchlorhydria.
Joest b.'s intranuclear inclusion b.'s (Cowdry's type B) produced in certain nerve cells by Borna disease virus.
Jolly b.'s Howell-Jolly b.'s
juxtaglomerular b. a collection of cells around the renal glomerular arterioles that contain cytoplasmic granules, probably composed of renin.periarterial pad;
juxtarestiform b. a medial (smaller) subdivision of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (corpus restiforme) composed of fibers reciprocally connecting the vestibular nuclei with the cerebellum, in particular the latter's nodulus, flocculus, and uvula vermis. It also carries primary sensory fibers from the vestibular ganglia to the cerebellum, as well as cerebellar projections to the rhombencephalic reticular formation and vestibular nuclei.
ketone b. one of a group of ketones that includes acetoacetic acid, its reduction product, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and its decarboxylation product, acetone; high levels are found in tissues and body fluids in ketosis.acetone b., acetone compound;
Koch's blue b.'s schizonts of Theileria parva, the causative agent of East Coast fever; found principally within endothelial cells of the spleen and lymph nodes.
Kurloff's b.'s palely basophilic, granular inclusions sometimes observed in the cytoplasm of the large mononuclear leukocytes (probably lymphocytes) of guinea pigs and certain other animals.
Lafora b. [MIM*254780] an intraneural intracytoplasmic inclusion b. composed of acid mucopolysaccharides, seen in familial myoclonus epilepsy; a recessive trait.
Lallemand's b.'s 1. old term for small gelatinoid concretions sometimes observed in seminal fluid; 2. old term for Bence Jones cylinders, under cylinder.Trousseau-Lallemand b.'s;
Landolt's b.'s bipolar nerve cells lying between the retinal rods and cones in amphibia, reptiles, and birds.
lateral geniculate b. the lateral one of a pair of small oval masses that protrude slightly from the posteroinferior aspects of the thalamus; its main (dorsal) subdivision serves as a processing station in the major pathway from the retina to the cerebral cortex, receiving fibers from the optic tract and giving rise to the geniculocalcarine radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.corpus geniculatum laterale [NA], corpus geniculatum externum;
L-D b. Leishman-Donovan b
LE b. the amorphous round b. in the cytoplasm of an LE cell.
Leishman-Donovan b. the intracytoplasmic, nonflagellated leishmanial form of certain intracellular parasites, such as species of Leishmania or the intracellular form of Trypanosoma cruzi; originally used for Leishmania donovani parasites in infected spleen or liver cells in kala azar.amastigote, L-D b;
Lewy b.'s intracytoplasmic inclusion b.'s especially noted in pigmented brainstem neurons and seen in Parkinson's disease.
Lieutaud's b. trigone of bladder
Lindner's b.'s initial b.'s resembling inclusion b.'s found in scrapings of epithelial cells infected with trachoma.
loose b. a solid tissue fragment lying free in a body cavity, especially in a joint or the peritoneal cavity; e.g., joint mice, melon-seed b., rice b.
Luse b.'s collagen fibers with abnormally long spacing (exceeding 1000 Å) between electron-dense bands.
Luys' b. subthalamic nucleus
Mallory b.'s large, poorly defined accumulations of eosinophilic material in the cytoplasm of damaged hepatic cells in certain forms of cirrhosis and marked fatty change especially due to alcoholism.alcoholic hyalin, alcoholic hyaline b.'s;
malpighian b.'s splenic lymph follicles, under follicle
mamillary b. a small, round, paired cell group that protrudes into the interpeduncular fossa from the inferior aspect of the hypothalamus. It receives hippocampal fibers through the fornix and projects fibers to the anterior thalamic nuclei and into the brainstem tegmentum.corpus mamillare [NA], mamillary tubercle of hypothalamus;
b. of mammary gland the principal part of the breast, consisting of glandular tissue and its supporting fibrous tissue. It forms a conical mass converging toward the nipple and is surrounded by adipose tissue.corpus mammae [NA];
b. of mandible the heavy, U-shaped, horizontal portion of the mandible extending posteriorly to the angle where it is continuous with the ramus; it supports the lower teeth.corpus mandibulae [NA];
b. of maxilla the central portion of the maxilla hollowed out by the maxillary sinus; it presents orbital, nasal, anterior, and infratemporal surfaces and supports four processes, frontal, zygomatic, palatine, and alveolar.corpus maxillae [NA];
medial geniculate b. the medial one of a pair of prominent cell groups in the posteroinferior parts of the thalamus; it functions as the last of a series of processing stations along the auditory conduction pathway to the cerebral cortex, receiving the brachium of the inferior colliculus and giving rise to the auditory radiation to the auditory cortex in the superior temporal gyrus.corpus geniculatum mediale [NA], corpus geniculatum internum;
melon-seed b. a small fibrous loose b. in the joints or tendon sheaths.
metachromatic b.'s concentrated deposits consisting primarily of polymetaphosphate and occurring in many bacteria as well as in algae, fungi, and protozoa; m. b.'s differ in staining properties from the surrounding protoplasm. See metachromasia.
Michaelis-Gutmann b. a rounded homogenous or concentrically laminated b., 1 to 10 mu in diameter, containing calcium and iron; found within macrophages in the bladder wall in malakoplakia.
Miyagawa b.'s a term previously used to refer to Chlamydia trachomatis (Miyagawanella lymphogranulomatosis), the elementary b.'s that develop in the intracytoplasmic microcolonies of lymphogranuloma venereum.
molluscum b. a disticntive intracellular spherical b. in the lesions of molluscum contagiosum caused by a member of the family Poxviridae; it consists of degenerated cytoplasm and the virus.molluscum corpuscle;
Mooser b.'s a term used to refer to the rickettsiae found in the exudate (and in tissue) from the tunica vaginalis in endemic typhus fever (caused by Rickettsia typhi).
multilamellar b. cytosome (2)
multivesicular b.'s membrane-bound b.'s, 0.5 to 1.0 mum wide, that occur in the cytoplasm of cells and contain a number of small vesicles; hydrolases (especially acid phosphatase) occur in the matrix.
myelin b. myelin figure
b. of nail the exposed portion of the nail distal to its root.corpus unguis [NA];
Negri b.'s eosinophilic, sharply outlined, pathognomonic inclusion b.'s (2 to 10 mum in diameter) found in the cytoplasm of certain nerve cells containing the virus of rabies, especially in Ammon's horn of the hippocampus.Negri corpuscles;
nerve cell b. the part of the neuron that includes the nucleus but excludes the processes.
neuroepithelial b. a corpuscular aggregate of nonciliated cells containing neurosecretory substance found in normal bronchial epithelium.
Nissl b.'s Nissl substance
nodular b. in fungi, a compact, roughly spherical or squarish structure formed by coiling and twisting of the end of a hypha; considered to be abortive growths toward sexual reproduction.
nu b. nucleosome
nuclear inclusion b.'s See inclusion b.'s.
Odland b. keratinosome
olivary b. oliva
onion b.'s obsolete term for epithelial nest.
pacchionian b.'s arachnoid granulations, under granulation
pampiniform b. epoöphoron
b. of pancreas the part of the pancreas from the point where it crosses the portal vein to the point where it enters the lienorenal ligament.corpus pancreatis [NA];
Pappenheimer b.'s phagosomes, containing ferruginous granules, found in red blood cells in diseases such as sideroblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, and sickle cell disease; may contribute to spurious platelet counts by electro-optical counters.
para-aortic b.'s small masses of chromaffin tissue found near the sympathetic ganglia along the aorta; they are more prominent during fetal life. The chromaffin cells secrete noradrenalin; chemoreceptive endings monitor levels of blood gases.corpora para-aortica [NA], aortic b.'s, corpus aorticum, glomera aortica, organs of Zuckerkandl, Zuckerkandl's b.'s;
parabasal b. a term formerly equivalent to the DNA kinetoplast, part of the giant mitochondrion of certain parasitic flagellates. The parabasal b. plus the basal b. were previously thought to comprise a kinetoplast, or locomotory apparatus, but kinetoplast is now restricted to part of the DNA giant mitochondrion and parabasal b. is a distinct structure near the nucleus, probably equivalent to the metazoan Golgi apparatus.
paranephric b. a mass of fat lying behind the renal fascia.
paranuclear b. astrosphere
paraphysial b. paraphysis
paraterminal b. subcallosal gyrus
Paschen b.'s particles of virus observed in relatively large numbers in squamous cells of the skin (or the cornea of experimental animals) in variola (smallpox) or vaccinia.
b. of penis the free pendulous portion of the penis, consisting of shaft and glans penis.corpus penis [NA], scapus penis;
perineal b. central tendon of perineum
b. of phalanx the shaft of each phalanx of the hand or foot.corpus phalangis [NA];
Pick's b.'s intracytoplasmic argentophilic inclusion b.'s seen in neurons in Pick's disease.
pineal b. a small, unpaired, flattened body, shaped somewhat like a pine cone, attached at its anterior pole to the region of the posterior and habenular commissures, and lying in the depression between the two superior colliculi below the splenium of the corpus callosum; it is a glandular structure, composed of follicles containing epithelioid cells and lime concretions called brain sand; despite its attachment to the brain, it appears to receive nerve fibers exclusively from the peripheral autonomic nervous system. It produces melatonin.corpus pineale [NA], conarium, epiphysis cerebri, pineal gland, pinus;
Plimmer's b.'s obsolete term for cancer b.'s
polar b. one of two small cells formed by the first and second meiotic division of oocytes; the first is usually released just prior to ovulation, the second not until discharge of the ovum from the ovary; in mammals, the second polar b. may fail to form unless the ovum has been penetrated by a sperm cell.polar cell, polar globule, polocyte;
polyhedral b. an inclusion b. associated with replication of certain insect viruses.
pontobulbar b. a collection of nerve cells in the lower part of the medulla oblongata forming a ridge which crosses the restiform body obliquely.corpus pontobulbare;
posterior quadrigeminal b. inferior colliculus
Prowazek b.'s historic term for either of two types of inclusion b.'s associated with certain diseases: 1) trachoma b.'s; 2) tiny, ovoid, granular forms, frequently in pairs, observed in the cytoplasm and in Guarnieri b.'s in the cutaneous squamous cells of man and animals infected with variola (smallpox) or vaccinia virus; probably the same as Paschen b.'s.
Prowazek-Greeff b.'s trachoma b.'s
psammoma b.'s 1. mineralized b.'s occurring in the meninges, choroid plexus, and in certain meningiomas; composed usually of a central capillary surrounded by concentric whorls of meningocytes in various stages of hyaline change and mineralization; can also occur in benign and malignant epithelial tumors (often papillary) or with chronic inflammation;sand b.'s; 2. corpora arenacea, under corpus 3. calcospherite
psittacosis inclusion b.'s intracytoplasmic chlamydial microcolonies observed in bronchial epithelial cells infected with Chlamydia psittaci.
pubic b. , b. of pubic bone b. of pubis
b. of pubis the flattened medial portion of the pubic bone entering into the pubic symphysis. From it extend the superior and inferior rami.corpus ossis pubis [NA], pubic b., b. of pubic bone;
purine b.'s any purine.
quadrigeminal b.'s See inferior colliculus, superior colliculus.corpora quadrigemina;
Renaut b. subperineurial structure comprised of loosely arranged and randomly oriented collagen fibers in a fine fibrillary material, seen in normal nerve as well as in certain pathologic states.
residual b. a cytoplasmic vacuole (lysosome) containing accumulated particulate products of metabolism, e.g., lipofuscin.
residual b. of Regaud the excess cytoplasm that separates from the spermatozoon during spermiogenesis.
rest b. a small mass of cytoplasm remaining after the nucleus and cytoplasm of the schizont of certain sporozoan protozoa have divided into asexual spores or merozoites.
restiform b. a lateral (larger) subdivision of the inferior cerebellar peduncle composed of a variety of fibers including, but not limited to, olivo-, reticulo-, cuneo-, trigemino-, and dorsal spinocerebellar. See also inferior cerebellar peduncle.corpus restiforme;
b. of rib the shaft of a rib; the portion which extends laterally, anteriorly, and then medially from the tubercle.corpus costae [NA];
rice b. one of the small, loose b.'s found in hygromas, tendon sheaths, and joints.
Rushton b. linear or curved hyaline bodies, presumably of hematogenous origin, found within the epithelial lining of odontogenic cysts.
Russell b.'s small, discrete, variably sized, spherical, intracytoplasmic, acidophilic, hyaline b.'s that stain deeply with fuchsin; they occur frequently in plasma cells in chronic inflammation, where they are believed to consist of gamma-globulin.fuchsin b.'s (1);
sand b.'s psammoma b.'s (1)
Sandström's b.'s See parathyroid gland.
Savage's perineal b. central tendon of perineum
Schaumann b.'s concentrically laminated calcified b.'s found in granulomas, particularly in sarcoidosis.conchoidal b.'s;
sclerotic b.'s vegetative rounded muriform cells of dematiaceous fungi, characteristic of the causal agents of chromoblastomycosis in tissue.copper pennies;
segmenting b. schizont
b. of sphenoid bone the central portion of the sphenoid bone from which the greater and lesser wings and the pterygoid processes arise. The sphenoidal sinuses lie within it.corpus ossis sphenoidalis [NA];
spongy b. of penis corpus spongiosum penis
b. of sternum the middle and largest portion of the sternum, lying between the manubrium superiorly and the xiphoid process inferiorly.corpus sterni [NA], gladiolus, mesosternum, midsternum;
b. of stomach the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined.corpus gastricum [ventriculi] [NA];
striate b. the caudate and lentiform (lenticular) nuclei; the striate appearance on section is caused by slender fascicles of myelinated fibers. Histologically, the striate b. can be subdivided into the generally small-celled striatum, consisting of the caudate nucleus and the outer segment of the lentiform nucleus (the putamen), and a large-celled globus pallidus composed of the two segments.corpus striatum [NA];
suprarenal b. suprarenal gland
b. of sweat gland the coiled tubular secretory portion of a sweat gland located in the subcutaneous tissue or deep in the corium and connected to the surface of the skin by a long duct.corpus glandulae sudoriferae [NA];
Symington's anococcygeal b. anococcygeal ligament
b. of talus the large posterior part of the talus forming the trochlea above for articulation with the tibia and fibula and articulating below with the calcaneus.corpus tali [NA];
b. of thigh bone shaft of femur
threshold b. threshold substance
thyroid b. thyroid gland
b. of tibia shaft of tibia
tigroid b.'s Nissl substance
b. of tongue the oral part of the tongue anterior to the terminal sulcus.corpus linguae [NA];
trachoma b.'s distinctive, complex, intracytoplasmic forms found in the conjunctival epithelial cells of persons in the acute phase of trachoma, less frequently in later stages, varying from 1) discrete acidophilic granules (approximately 250 nm in diameter), to 2) irregular clumps of such material embedded in a basophilic matrix, to 3) relatively large basophilic b.'s (approximately 700 to 1000 nm in diameter), to 4) large basophilic b.'s that include discrete, tiny, acidophilic granules.Halberstaedter-Prowazek b.'s, Prowazek-Greeff b.'s;
trapezoid b. a plate of transverse fibers running over the dorsal (deep) border of the pontine nuclei; it is formed by ascending auditory fibers that cross to the opposite side of the brainstem.corpus trapezoideum [NA], trapezoid (4);
Trousseau-Lallemand b.'s Lallemand's b.'s
tuffstone b. membrane-bound electron-dense granules, measuring about 0.5 mum in diameter, found primarily in Schwann cells of patients suffering from metachromatic leukodystrophy; the name alludes to their resemblance to volcanic limestone.
turbinated b. 1. a concha with its covering of mucous membrane and other soft parts;turbinal; 2. inferior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, superior nasal concha, supreme nasal concha
tympanic b. tympanic gland
b. of ulna shaft of ulnacorpus ulnae [NA];
ultimobranchial b. a diverticulum from the fourth pharyngeal pouch of an embryo, regarded by some as a rudimentary fifth pharyngeal pouch and by others as a lateral thyroid primordium; the ultimobranchial b.'s of lower vertebrates contain large amounts of calcitonin; in mammals, the ultimobranchial b.'s fuse with the thyroid gland and are thought to develop into the parafollicular cells. See also ultimobranchial pouch.
b. of urinary bladder the portion of the bladder between the apex and fundus.corpus vesicae urinariae [NA];
b. of uterus the part of the uterus above the isthmus, comprising about two thirds of the non-pregnant organ.corpus uteri [NA];
vaccine b.'s old term pertaining to intracellular b.'s that were erroneously thought to be forms in the life cycle of a protozoan organism, Cytorrhyctes vaccinae, postulated to be the causal agent of vaccinia.
Verocay b.'s hyalinized acellular areas composed of reduplicated basement membrane outlined by opposing rows of prarallel nuclei; seen microscopically in neurilemomas.
b. of vertebra the main portion of a vertebra anterior to the vertebral canal, as distinct from the arches.corpus vertebrae [NA];
Virchow-Hassall b.'s thymic corpuscle
vitreous b. a transparent jelly-like substance filling the interior of the eyeball behind the lens of the eye; it is composed of a delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery fluid (vitreous humor).corpus vitreum [NA], hyaloid b., vitreous (2), vitreum;
Weibel-Palade b.'s rod-shaped bundles of microtubules seen by electron microscopy in vascular endothelial cells.
wolffian b. mesonephros
Wolf-Orton b.'s intranuclear inclusion b.'s seen in cells of malignant neoplasms, especially those of glial cell origin.
X b. obsolete term for Langerhans' granule.
Y b. a single fluorescent spot originating in the long arm of the Y chromosome and visible in somatic nuclei of buccal smears.
yellow b. corpus luteum
zebra b. metachromatically staining membrane-bound granules, measuring 0.5-1 mum in diameter and containing lamellae with a 5.8 nm spacing, reported in Schwann cells and macrophages of patients suffering from metachromatic leukodystrophy.
Zuckerkandl's b.'s para-aortic b.'s

body burden body burden

Activity of a radiopharmaceutical retained by the body at a specified time following administration.

Boeck Boeck

Caesar P.M., Norwegian dermatologist, 1845-1917. See B.'s disease, sarcoid; Besnier-B.-Schaumann disease, syndrome.

Boeck Boeck

Carl W., Norwegian physician, 1808-1875. See Danielssen-B. disease.

Boehmer Boehmer

F. See B.'s hematoxylin.

Boerhaave Boerhaave

Hermann, Dutch physician, 1668-1738. See B.'s glands, under gland, syndrome.

bogbean bogbean (bog´ben)

buckbean

Bogros Bogros

Antoine, 19th century French anatomist. See B.'s serous membrane.

Bogros Bogros

Jean-Annet, French anatomist, 1786-1823. See B.'s space.

Bohn Bohn

Heinrich, German physician, 1832-1888. See B.'s nodules, under nodule.

Bohr Bohr

Christian, Danish physiologist, 1855-1911. See B. effect; B.'s equation.

Bohr Bohr

Niels H.D., Danish physicist and Nobel laureate, 1885-1962. See B.'s atom; B. magneton; B.'s theory.

boil boil (boyl)

furuncle [A.S. byl, a swelling]
Aleppo b. , Bagdad b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis. See cutaneous leishmaniasis.Biskra b;
Biskra b. Aleppo b
blind b. a furuncle that does not have a fluctuant central point; it appears as a dull red painful papule.
date b. , Delhi b. , Jericho b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Madura b. mycetoma (1)
Oriental b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
salt water b.'s furuncles on hands and forearms of fishermen.
shoe b. olecranoid bursitis in the horse; so called because it may be caused by trauma from the shoe in the recumbent animal.capped elbow;
tropical b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis.

bol bol

Abbreviation for bolus.

boldenone boldenone (bol´de-non)

17beta-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one;an anabolic and androgenic agent used in veterinary medicine.dehydrotestosterone;

boldin boldin (bol´din)

A glycoside from boldus; a cholagogue and diuretic.boldoglucin;

boldine boldine (bol´den)

A bitter alkaloid obtained from boldus.

boldine dimethyl ether boldine dimethyl ether

glaucine

boldo boldo (bol´do)

boldus

boldoglucin boldoglucin (bol-do-glu´sin)

boldin

boldus boldus (bol´dus)

The leaves of Boldu boldus or Peumus boldus (family Monimiaceae), an evergreen shrub of Chile; used in various disturbances of liver function.boldo; [Chilean]

boletic acid boletic acid (bol-et´ik)

Obsolete term for fumaric acid.

Boley gauge Boley gauge

See under gauge.

Boll Boll

Franz C., German histologist and physiologist, 1849-1879. See B.'s cells, under cell.

Bollinger Bollinger

Otto, German pathologist, 1843-1909. See B. bodies, under body, granules, under granule.

Bollman Bollman

Jesse L., U.S. physiologist, *1896. See Mann-B. fistula.

Bolognini's symptom Bolognini's symptom

See under symptom.

bolometer bolometer (bo-lom´e-ter)

1. An instrument for determining minute degrees of radiant heat. 2. An obsolete instrument for measuring the force of the heartbeat as distinguished from the blood pressure. [G. bole, a throw, a sunbeam, + metron, measure]

Bolton Bolton

Joseph S., English neurologist, 1867-1946. See B. plane; B.-Broadbent plane; B.-nasion plane, line.

bolus (bol) bolus (bol) (bo´lus)

1. A single, relatively large quantity of a substance, usually one intended for therapeutic use, such as a b. dose of a drug. 2. A masticated morsel of food or another substance ready to be swallowed, such as a b. of barium for x-ray studies. 3. In high-energy radiation therapy, a quantity of tissue-equivalent material placed next to the irradiated region to increase the dose of secondary radiation to the superficial tissues. [L. fr. G. bolos, lump, clod]
intravenous b. a relatively large volume of fluid or dose of a drug or test substance given intravenously and rapidly to hasten or magnify a response; in radiology, rapid injection of a large dose of contrast medium to increase opacification of blood vessels.

bombard bombard

To expose a substance to particulate or electromagnetic radiations for the purpose of making it radioactive. [Mediev. L. bombarda, artillery assault, fr. bombus, a booming sound]

bombesin bombesin (bomb´e-sin)

Pharmacologically active tetradecapeptide found in skins of European amphibians of the family Discoglossidae, principally Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata variegata. A potent stimulant of gastric and pancreatic secretions; a bombesin-like immunoreactive peptide is found in both brain and gut. Other actions include hypertensive, antidiuretic, and hyperglycemic activity. Has a strong effect on core temperature lowering in rats. High levels of intracellular bombesin have also been found in human small-cell lung carcinoma.

bond bond

In chemistry, the force holding two neighboring atoms in place and resisting their separation; a b. is electrovalent if it consists of the attraction between oppositely charged groups, or covalent if it results from the sharing of one, two, or three pairs of electrons by the bonded atoms.
acylmercaptan b. -CO-S-;a "high energy" b. formed by the condensation of a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a mercaptan (or thiol) group (-SH); widely formed in the course of intermediary metabolism, notably in the oxidation of fats, where the -SH is part of coenzyme A and the -COOH is part of the fatty acid being oxidized.
apolar b. See hydrophobic interaction.
conjugated double b.'s two or more double b.'s separated by each single b.
coordinate covalent b. semipolar b
disulfide b. a single bond between two sulfurs; specifically, the -S-S- link binding two peptide chains (or different parts of one peptide chain); also occurs as part of the molecule of the amino acid, cystine, and is important as a structural determinant in many protein molecules, notably keratin, insulin, and oxytocin. A symmetric disulfide is R-S-S-R; R´-S-S-R is a mixed disulfide.
double b. a covalent b. resulting from the sharing of two pairs of electrons; e.g., H₂C=CH₂ (ethylene).
electrostatic b. b. between atoms or groups carrying opposite charges (or, in some cases, partial charges).heteropolar b., salt bridge;
energy-rich b. See high energy compounds, under compound.
eupeptide b. a peptide b. between the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid and the a-amino group of another amino acid. Cf. peptide b., isopeptide b.
heteropolar b. electrostatic b
high energy phosphate b. See high energy phosphates, under phosphate.
hydrogen b. a b. arising from the sharing of a hydrogen atom, covalently bound to an electronegative element (e.g., N or O), with another electronegative element (e.g., N, O, or a halogen). In substances of biological importance, the most common hydrogen b.'s are those in which H links N to O or N; such b.'s link purines on one strand to pyrimidines on the other strand of nucleic acids, thus maintaining double-stranded structures as in the Watson-Crick helix.
hydrophobic b. See hydrophobic interaction.
isopeptide b. an amide linkage between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and an amino group of another amino acid in which at least one of these groups is not on the a-carbon of one of the amino acids; for example, the bond between the glutamyl residue and the cysteinyl residue of glutathione. Cf. peptide b., eupeptide b.
noncovalent b. b. in which electrons are not shared between atoms; e.g., electrostatic b., hydrogen b.
peptide b. the common link (-CO-NH-) between amino acids in proteins, actually a substituted amide, formed by elimination of H₂O between the -COOH of one amino acid and the H₂N- of another. Cf. eupeptide b., isopeptide b.
semipolar b. a b. in which the two electrons shared by a pair of atoms belonged originally to only one of the atoms; often represented by a small arrow pointing toward the electron receiver; e.g., nitric acid, O(OH)N->O; phosphoric acid, (OH)₃P->O.coordinate covalent b;
single b. a covalent b. resulting from the sharing of one pair of electrons; e.g., H₃C-CH₃ (ethane).
triple b. a covalent b. resulting from the sharing of three pairs of electrons; e.g., HC=CH (acetylene).

bone bone (bon)

1. A hard connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix of mineralized ground substance and collagen fibers. The fibers are impregnated with a form of calcium phosphate similar to hydroxyapatite as well as with substantial quantities of carbonate, citrate sodium, and magnesium; by weight, b. is composed of 75% inorganic material and 25% organic material; a portion of osseous tissue of definite shape and size, forming a part of the animal skeleton; in man there are 200 distinct ossa in the skeleton, not including the ossicula auditus of the tympanic cavity or the ossa sesamoidea other than the two patellae. Bone consists of a dense outer layer of compact substance or cortical substance covered by the periosteum, and an inner loose, spongy substance; the central portion of a long bone is filled with marrow. 2. For definitions of bones as part of the animal skeleton, see os.For definitions of bones as part of the animal skelton, see Osos [NA]; [A.S. ban]
Albrecht's b. a small b. between the basioccipital and basisphenoid.
alveolar b. 1. alveolar process 2. in dentistry, the specialized bony structure which supports the teeth; it consists of the cortical b. that comprises the tooth socket into which the roots of the tooth fit, and is supported by the trabecular b.alveolar supporting b;
alveolar supporting b. alveolar b. (2)
ankle b. talus
basal b. the osseus tissue of the mandible and maxillae except the alveolar processes.
basilar b. the developmental basilar process of the occipital b. which unites with the condylar portions in about the fourth or fifth year, becoming the basilar part of the occipital bone.basioccipital b., os basilare;
basioccipital b. basilar b
basisphenoid b. in comparative anatomy, the b. in the floor of the braincase in the region of the pituitary. See body of sphenoid bone.
Bertin's b.'s sphenoidal conchae, under concha
blade b. scapula
breast b. sternum
Breschet's b.'s os suprasternale
brittle b.'s osteogenesis imperfecta
bundle b. immature b. containing thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged nearly parallel to one another with osteocytes in between; a similar type of b. is found in regions penetrated by fibers of Sharpey, as at ligament and tendon attachments.
calcaneal b. calcaneus (1)
calf b. fibula [O.N. kalfi, fibula]
cancellous b. substantia spongiosa
cannon b. the middle metacarpal (or metatarsal b.) in the horse.shank b. (1);
capitate b. capitate (1)
carpal b.'s eight bones arranged in two rows that articulate proximally with the radius and indirectly with the ulna, and distally with the five metacarpal bones; in domestic mammals, the bones of the proximal row are called radial, intermediate, ulnar, and accessory, while those of the distal row are termed first, second, third, and fourth carpal bones.carpus (2) [NA], ossa carpi [NA];
cartilage b. endochondral b
cavalry b. rider's b
central b. os centrale
central b. of ankle navicular b
cheek b. 1. zygomatic b 2. zygomatic arch
coccygeal b. coccyx
collar b. clavicle
compact b. the compact, noncancellous portion of bone that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae.substantia compacta [NA], compact substance, substantia compacta ossium;
convoluted b. See inferior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, superior nasal concha, supreme nasal concha.
cortical b. the superficial thin layer of compact bone.substantia corticalis [NA], cortical substance;
coxal b. hip b
cranial b.'s b.'s of skull
cubital b. triquetral b
cuboid b. the lateral bone of the distal row of the tarsus, articulating with the calcaneus, lateral cuneiform, navicular (occasionally), and fourth and fifth metatarsal bones.os cuboideum [NA];
cuneiform b. See triquetral b., intermediate cuneiform b., lateral cuneiform b., medial cuneiform b.
dermal b. a b. formed by ossification of the cutis.
b.'s of digits the phalanges and sesamoid bones of the fingers and toes.ossa digitorum [NA];
dorsal talonavicular b. an anomalous b. of the foot located near the head of the talus.Pirie's b;
ear b.'s auditory ossicles, under ossicle
elbow b. olecranon
endochondral b. a b. that develops in a cartilage environment after the latter is partially or entirely destroyed by calcification and subsequent resorption.cartilage b., replacement b;
epactal b.'s sutural b.'s
epihyal b. an ossified stylomastoid ligament.
epipteric b. a sutural b. occasionally present at the pterion or junction of the parietal, frontal, greater wing of the sphenoid, and squamous portion of the temporal b.'s.Flower's b;
episternal b. os suprasternale
ethmoid b. an irregularly shaped bone lying between the orbital plates of the frontal and anterior to the sphenoid bone; it consists of two lateral masses of thin plates enclosing air cells, attached above to a perforated horizontal lamina, the cribriform plate, from which descends a median vertical or perpendicular plate in the interval between the two lateral masses; the bone articulates with the sphenoid, frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, and palatine bones, the inferior nasal concha, and the vomer; it enters into the formation of the anterior cranial fossa, the orbits, and the nasal cavity.os ethmoidale [NA];
exercise b. rider's b
exoccipital b. (eks-ok-sip´i-tal) lateral part of occipital bone
facial b.'s the bones surrounding the mouth and nose and contributing to the orbits; they are the paired maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha; and the unpaired ethmoid, vomer, mandible, and hyoid.ossa faciei [NA], b.'s of visceral cranium;
first cuneiform b. medial cuneiform b
flank b. ilium
flat b. a type of bone characterized by its thin, flattened shape, such as the scapula or certain of the cranial bones.os planum [NA];
Flower's b. epipteric b
fourth turbinated b. supreme nasal concha
frontal b. the large single bone forming the forehead and the upper margin and roof of the orbit on either side; it articulates with the parietal, nasal, ethmoid, maxillary, and zygomatic bones, and with the lesser wings of the sphenoid.os frontale [NA], coronale (1);
Goethe's b. preinterparietal b
greater multangular b. trapezium
hamate b. the bone on the medial (ulnar) side of the distal row of the carpus; it articulates with the fourth and fifth metacarpal, triquetral, lunate, and capitate.os hamatum [NA], hamatum, hooked b., unciform b., unciforme, uncinatum;
heel b. calcaneus (1)
heterotopic b.'s b.'s that do not belong to the main skeleton but that regularly develop in certain organs, e.g., the heart, penis, clitoris, and snout of some animals.
highest turbinated b. supreme nasal concha
hip b. a large flat bone formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis (in the adult), constituting the lateral half of the pelvis; it articulates with its fellow anteriorly, with the sacrum posteriorly, and with the femur laterally.os coxae [NA], coxa (1), coxal b., innominate b., os innominatum;
hollow b. pneumatic b
hooked b. hamate b
hyoid b. 1. a U-shaped bone lying between the mandible and the larynx, suspended from the styloid processes by slender stylohyoid ligaments; 2. See hyoid apparatus.os hyoideum [NA], lingual b., tongue b;
iliac b. ilium
incarial bone51 incarial b. os interparietale
incisive b. os incisivum
b.'s of inferior limb b.'s of lower limb
inferior turbinated b. inferior nasal concha
innominate b. hip b
intermaxillary b. os incisivum
intermediate cuneiform b. a bone of the distal row of the tarsus; it articulates with the medial and lateral cuneiform, navicular, and second metatarsal bones.os cuneiforme intermedium [NA], mesocuneiform, middle cuneiform b., second cuneiform b., wedge b;
interparietal b. os interparietale
irregular b. one of a group of bones having peculiar or complex forms, e.g., vertebrae, many of the skull bones.os irregulare [NA];
ischial b. ischium
jaw b. mandible
jugal b. zygomatic b
Krause's b. small b. (secondary ossification center) in the triradiate cartilage between the ilium, the ischium, and the pubic b. in the growing acetabulum.
lacrimal b. an irregularly rectangular thin plate, forming part of the medial wall of the orbit behind the frontal process of the maxilla; it articulates with the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, frontal, and maxillary bones.os lacrimale [NA], os unguis;
lamellar b. the normal type of adult mammalian b., whether cancellous or compact, composed of parallel lamellae in the former and concentric lamellae in the latter; lamellar organization reflects a repeating pattern of collagen fibroarchitecture.
lateral cuneiform b. a bone of the distal row of the tarsus; it articulates with the intermediate cuneiform, cuboid, navicular, and second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones.os cuneiforme laterale [NA], third cuneiform b., wedge b;
lenticular b. lenticular process of incus
lentiform b. pisiform b
lesser multangular b. trapezoid b
lingual b. hyoid b
long b. one of the elongated bones of the extremities, consisting of a tubular shaft (diaphysis) and two extremities (epiphyses) usually wider than the shaft; the shaft is composed of compact bone surrounding a central medullary cavity. Cf. short b. os longum [NA], pipe b;
b.'s of lower limb these include the inferior limb girdle (hip bone) and the skeleton of the free inferior limb (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsus, metatarsus, and bones of the toes).ossa membri inferioris [NA], b.'s of inferior limb;
lunate b. one of the proximal row in the carpus between the scaphoid and triquetral; it articulates with the radius, scaphoid, triquetral, hamate, and capitate.os lunatum [NA], lunare, os intermedium;
malar b. zygomatic b
marble b.'s osteopetrosis
mastoid b. mastoid process
medial cuneiform b. the largest of the three cuneiform bones, the medial bone of the distal row of the tarsus, articulating with the intermediate cuneiform, navicular, and first and second metatarsal bones.os cuneiforme mediale [NA], first cuneiform b., wedge b;
medullary b. areas of b. formation present in the marrow spaces of the long b.'s of birds, which serve as a readily mobilized source of calcium for shell formation.
membrane b. a b. that develops embryologically within a membrane of vascularized primitive mesenchymal tissue without prior formation of cartilage.
mesethmoid b. in comparative anatomy, the b. present in some species as the most anterior b. of the floor of the braincase.
metacarpal b. one of the metacarpal bones, five long bones (numbered I to V, beginning with the bone on the radial or thumb side) forming the skeleton of the metacarpus or palm; they articulate with the bones of the distal row of the carpus and with the five proximal phalanges.os metacarpale [NA];
metatarsal b. one of the metatarsal bones; the five long bones numbered I to V beginning with the bone on the medial side forming the skeleton of the anterior portion of the foot, articulating posteriorly with the three cuneiform and the cuboid bones, anteriorly with the five proximal phalanges.os metatarsale [NA];
middle cuneiform b. intermediate cuneiform b
middle turbinated b. middle nasal concha
multangular b. See trapezium, trapezoid b.
nasal b. an elongated rectangular bone which, with its fellow, forms the bridge of the nose; it articulates with the frontal bone superiorly, the ethmoid and the frontal process of the maxilla posteriorly, and its fellow medially.os nasale [NA];
navicular b. a bone of the tarsus on the medial side of the foot articulating with the head of the talus, the three cuneiform bones, and occasionally the cuboid.os naviculare [NA], central b. of ankle, os centrale tarsi;
navicular b. of hand scaphoid b
nonlamellar b. woven b
occipital b. a bone at the lower and posterior part of the skull, consisting of three parts (basilar, condylar, and squamous), enclosing a large oval hole, the foramen magnum; it articulates with the parietal and temporal bones on either side, the sphenoid anteriorly, and the atlas below.os occipitale [NA];
orbicular b. lenticular process of incus
palatine b. an irregularly shaped bone posterior to the maxilla, which enters into the formation of the nasal cavity, the orbit, and the hard palate; it articulates with the maxilla, inferior nasal concha, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones, the vomer and its fellow of the opposite side.os palatinum [NA];
parietal b. a flat, curved bone of irregular quadrangular shape, at either side of the vault of the cranium; it articulates, with its fellow medially, with the frontal anteriorly, the occipital posteriorly, and the temporal and sphenoid inferiorly.os parietale [NA];
penis b. os penis
perichondral b. in the development of a long b. a collar or cuff of osseous tissue forms in the perichondrium of the cartilage model; the connective tissue membrane of this perichondral b. then becomes periosteum.periosteal b;
periosteal b. perichondral b
periotic b. petrous part of temporal bone
peroneal b. fibula
petrosal b. petrous part of temporal bone
petrous b. petrous part of internal carotid artery
ping-pong b. the thin shell of osseous tissue at the periphery of a giant cell tumor in a b.
pipe b. long b
Pirie's b. dorsal talonavicular b
pisiform b. a small bone resembling a pea in size and shape, in the proximal row of the carpus, lying on the anterior surface of the triquetral with which alone it articulates; it gives insertion to the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.os pisiforme [NA], lentiform b;
pneumatic b. a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone.os pneumaticum [NA], hollow b;
postsphenoid b. the posterior portion of the body of the sphenoid b.
preinterparietal b. a large sutural b. occasionally found detached from the anterior portion of the os interparietale.Goethe's b;
premaxillary b. os incisivum
presphenoid b. in comparative anatomy, the b. in the floor of the braincase anterior to the basisphenoid b.
pubic b. mons pubis
pyramidal b. triquetral b
replacement b. endochondral b
reticulated b. woven b
rider's b. heterotopic bone ossification of the tendon of the adductor longus muscle from strain in horseback riding.cavalry b., exercise b;
Riolan's b.'s several small sutural b.'s sometimes present in the petro-occipital suture.
sacred b. sacrum [so called from belief in indestructibility of the bone as the basis for resurrection]
scaphoid b. the largest bone of the proximal row of the carpus on the lateral (radial) side, articulating with the radius, lunate, capitate, trapezium, and trapezoid.os scaphoideum [NA], navicular b. of hand, os naviculare manus;
scroll b.'s See inferior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, superior nasal concha, supreme nasal concha.
second cuneiform b. intermediate cuneiform b
semilunar b. obsolete term for lunate b.
septal b. interalveolar septum
sesamoid b. a bone formed in a tendon where it passes over a joint.os sesamoideum [NA];
shank b. 1. cannon b 2. tibia
shin b. tibia
short b. one whose dimensions are approximately equal; it consists of a layer of cortical substance enclosing spongy substance and narrow. Cf. long b. os breve [NA];
sieve b. cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
b.'s of skull the paired inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, maxilla, nasal, palatine, parietal, temporal, and zygomatic; and the unpaired ethmoid, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and vomer.ossa cranii [NA], cranial b.'s;
sphenoid b. a bone of most irregular shape occupying the base of the skull; it is described as consisting of a central portion, or body, and six processes: two greater wings, two lesser wings and two pterygoid processes; it articulates with the occipital, frontal, ethmoid, and vomer, and with the paired temporal, parietal, zygomatic, palatine and sphenoidal concha bones.os sphenoidale [NA], sphenoid (2);
sphenoidal turbinated b.'s sphenoidal conchae, under concha
splint b. 1. the second or fourth, or internal or external small metacarpal b.'s in the horse; these are splinter-like in shape and lie on either side of the metacarpal or cannon b.; 2. fibula
spongy b. 1. substantia spongiosa 2. a turbinated bone.
stifle b. the patella of the stifle joint of a horse.
b.'s of superior limb b.'s of upper limb
superior turbinated b. superior nasal concha
suprainterparietal b. a sutural b. at the posterior portion of the sagittal suture.
suprasternal b. os suprasternale
supreme turbinated b. supreme nasal concha
sutural b.'s small irregular bones found along the sutures of the cranium, particularly related to the parietal bone.ossa suturarum [NA], Andernach's ossicles, epactal b.'s, epactal ossicles, wormian b.'s;
tail b. coccyx
tarsal b.'s the seven bones of the instep: talus, calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiform (wedge), and cuboid bones.ossa tarsi [NA];
temporal b. a large irregular bone situated in the base and side of the skull; it consists of three parts, squamous, tympanic and petrous, which are distinct at birth; the petrous part contains the vestibulocochlear organ; the bone articulates with the sphenoid, parietal, occipital, and zygomatic bones, and by a synovial joint with the mandible.os temporale [NA];
thigh b. femur
third cuneiform b. lateral cuneiform b
three-cornered b. triquetral b
tongue b. hyoid b
trabecular b. substantia spongiosa
trapezium b. trapezium
trapezoid b. a bone in the distal row of the carpus; it articulates with the second metacarpal, trapezium, capitate, and scaphoid.os trapezoideum [NA], lesser multangular b., os multangulum minus, trapezoid (3);
triangular b. os trigonum
triquetral b. a bone on the medial (ulnar) side of the proximal row of the carpus, articulating with the lunate, pisiform, and hamate.os triquetrum [NA], cubital b., os pyramidale, os triangulare (2), pyramidal b., pyramidale, three-cornered b., triquetrum;
turbinated b.'s See inferior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, superior nasal concha, supreme nasal concha.
tympanic b. tympanic ring
tympanohyal b. a small nodule of b. forming the base of the cartilaginous styloid process of the temporal b. at birth.
unciform b. hamate b
upper jaw b. maxilla
b.'s of upper limb these include the superior limb girdle (scapula and clavicle) and the skeleton of the free superior limb (humerus, radius, ulna, wrist bones, metacarpus, and bones of the fingers).ossa membri superioris [NA], b.'s of superior limb;
Vesalius' b. os vesalianum
b.'s of visceral cranium facial b.'s
wedge b. intermediate cuneiform b., lateral cuneiform b., medial cuneiform b
wormian b.'s sutural b.'s
woven b. bony tissue characteristic of the embryonal skeleton, in which the collagen fibers of the matrix are arranged irregularly in the form of interlacing networks.nonlamellar b., reticulated b;
yoke b. zygomatic b
zygomatic b. a quadrilateral bone which forms the prominence of the cheek; it articulates with the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, and maxillary bone.os zygomaticum [NA], cheek b. (1), jugal b., mala (2), malar b., os malare, yoke b., zygoma (1);

bone architecture bone architecture

The pattern of trabeculae and associated structures. See also Wolff's law.

bone ash bone ash

tribasic calcium phosphate

bone black bone black

animal charcoal

bonelet bonelet (bon´let)

ossicle

bone-salt bone-salt

The main chemical compound in bone, deposited as minute amorphous crystals in a netlike matrix of collagenous fibers containing collagen; it closely resembles the naturally occurring fluorapatite 3Ca₃(PO₄)₂. CaF₂, but is probably a hydroxyapatite in which F is replaced by OH.

Bonhoeffer Bonhoeffer

Karl, German psychiatrist, 1868-1948. See B.'s sign.

Bonnet Bonnet

Amédée, French surgeon, 1809-1858. See B.'s capsule.

Bonnevie Bonnevie

Kristine, German physician, 1872-1950.

Bonnier Bonnier

Pierre, French clinician, 1861-1918. See B.'s syndrome.

Bonwill Bonwill

William G.A., U.S. dentist, 1833-1899. See B. triangle.

Böök Böök

Jan A., Swedish geneticist, *1915. See B. syndrome.

BOOP BOOP

Abbreviation for bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, an idiopathic form of bronchiolitis obliterans.

Boophilus Boophilus (bo-of´i-lus)

A genus of hard ticks (family Ixodidae) infesting cattle; members are important vectors of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in various parts of the world. Previously thought to be synonymous with Margaropus, but now considered distinct. [G. bous, ox, + philos, fond]
B. annula´tus species that formerly was the vector of bovine babesiosis in the southern United States, but is still an important species in Mexico and northern African countries.
B. decolora´tus species that is a vector of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in sub-Saharan Africa.
B. mi´croplus the tropical cattle tick, a species that is an important vector of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean Africa, Australia, the Orient and Micronesia, and of relapsing fever by Borrelia theileri in South Africa and Australia.

booster booster

See booster dose.

boot boot (but)

A boot-shaped appliance. [M. E. bote, fr. O. Fr.]
Gibney's b. adhesive tape treatment of a sprained ankle or similar condition, applied in a basket-weave fashion under the sole of the foot and around the back of the lower leg.
Junod's b. an airtight case into which the arm or leg is inserted and the air is then exhausted; used to divert a portion of the blood temporarily from the general circulation.

boracic acid boracic acid (bo-ras´ik)

boric acid

borate borate (bor´at)

A salt of boric acid.

borated borated (bor´at-ed)

Mixed or impregnated with borax or boric acid.

borax borax (bo´raks)

sodium borate [Pers. buraq]

borborygmus borborygmus, pl. borborygmi (bor-bo-rig´mus, -rig´mI)

Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by movement of gas in the alimentary canal, and audible at a distance. [G. borborygmos, rumbling in the bowels]

Bordeau Bordeau , Bordeu

Théophile de, French physician, 1722-1776. See B. theory; de B. theory.

border border (bor´der)

The part of a surface that forms its outer boundary. See also edge, margin, border.margo [NA];
alveolar b. 1. the most occlusal edge of the alveolar bone; 2. alveolar process
anterior b. the ventral or most forward margin of a structure.anterior margin, ventral b;
anterior b. of eyelids the anterior edge of the free margin of each eyelid, along close to which the eyelashes are embedded.limbus palpebrales anteriores [NA];
anterior b. of fibula a ridge on the shaft of the fibula to which is attached the anterior intermuscular septum of the leg.margo anterior fibulae [NA];
anterior b. of lung the thin anteromedial or sternal edge of the lung which overlaps the pericardial sac anteriorly and forms the boundary between the mediastinal and costal surfaces.margo anterior pulmonis [NA];
anterior b. of pancreas the sharp margin between the anterior and inferior surfaces of the pancreas.margo anterior pancreatis [NA];
anterior b. of radius the ridge on the shaft of the radius extending from the radial tuberosity to the anterior part of the styloid process.margo anterior radii [NA];
anterior b. of testis an imaginary convex line demarcating the lateral and medial surfaces.margo anterior testis [NA];
anterior b. of tibia the sharp subcutaneous ridge of the tibia that extends from the tuberosity to the anterior part of the medial malleolus.margo anterior tibiae [NA], anticnemion, shin, tibial crest;
anterior b. of ulna the ridge on the body of the ulna that extends from the tuberosity to the anterior part of the styloid process.margo anterior ulnae [NA];
brush b. the apical epithelial surface bearing closely packed microvilli about 2 mum long, such as occur on the cells of the proximal tubule of the nephron.limbus penicillatus;
ciliary b. of iris the peripheral b. of the iris attached to the ciliary body.margo ciliaris iridis [NA], ciliary margin of iris;
denture b. 1. the limit or boundary or circumferential margin of a denture base; 2. the margin of the denture base at the junction of the polished surface with the impression (tissue) surface; 3. the extreme edges of a denture base at the buccolabial, lingual, and posterior limits.denture edge, periphery (2);
b.'s of eyelids the anterior and posterior edges of the free margin of the upper and lower eyelids.limbi palpebrales [NA];
free b. unattached edge of a sturcture, often opposite the attached edge. See free b. of nail, free b. of ovary.margo liber [NA], free margin;
free b. of nail the distal b. of the nail that overhangs the tip of the digit.margo liber unguis [NA];
free b. of ovary the unattached, posterior margin of the ovary.margo liber ovarii [NA];
frontal b. edge of a bone which articulates with the frontal bone. See frontal b. of parietal bone, frontal b. of sphenoid bone.margo frontalis [NA], frontal margin;
frontal b. of parietal bone the margin of the parietal bone that articulates with the frontal bone.margo frontalis ossis parietalis [NA];
frontal b. of sphenoid bone the margin of the greater wing of the sphenoid bon that articulates with the frontal bone.margo frontalis ossis sphenoidalis [NA];
inferior b. the caudal or lowermost margin of a structure.inferior margin, margo inferior;
inferior b. of liver the sharp border of the liver that separates the diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces.margo inferior hepatis [NA];
inferior b. of lung the sharp border of the lung that separates the diaphragmatic surface from the costal and mediastinal surfaces.margo inferior pulmonis [NA];
inferior b. of pancreas the border of the pancreas separating the inferior and posterior surfaces.margo inferior pancreatis [NA], margo inferior splenis [NA];
interosseous b. edge of a bone to which a fibrous (interosseous) membrane is attached, by which the bone becomes attached to another bone. See interosseous b. of fibula, interosseous b. of radius, interosseous b. of tibia, interosseous b. of ulna.margo interosseus [NA], interosseous crest, interosseous margin;
interosseous b. of fibula the ridge along the medial b. of the fibula to which is attached the interosseous membrane.margo interosseus fibulae [NA];
interosseous b. of radius the ridge along the medial side of the radius to which is attached the interosseous membrane.margo interosseus radii [NA];
interosseous b. of tibia the ridge along the lateral b. of the tibia to which is attached the interosseous membrane.margo interosseus tibiae [NA];
interosseous b. of ulna the ridge along the lateral side of the body of the ulna to which is attached the interosseous membrane.margo interosseus ulnae [NA];
lacrimal b. of maxilla the margin of the nasal surface of the maxilla that articulates with the lacrimal bone.margo lacrimalis maxillae [NA], lacrimal margin of maxilla;
lambdoid b. of occipital bone the margin of the occipital squama that articulates with the parietal bones in the lambdoid suture.margo lambdoideus squamae occipitalis [NA], lambdoid margin of occipital bone;
lateral b. the margin or edge of a structure which is farthest from the midline.margo lateralis [NA], lateral margin;
lateral b. of foot the border of the foot between the small toe and the heel.margo lateralis pedis [NA], margo fibularis pedis, fibular margin of foot;
lateral b. of forearm an imaginary line running along the outermost extent of the forearm separating anterior and posterior surfaces laterally.margo lateralis antebrachii [NA], margo radialis antebrachii, radial b. of forearm;
lateral b. of humerus the ridge on the humerus that extends from the greater tubercle to the lateral epicondyle.margo lateralis humerii [NA];
lateral b. of kidney the convex narrow edge separating the anterior and posterior surfaces.margo lateralis renis [NA];
lateral b. of nail the sides of the nail extending from the proximal to the free borders.margo lateralis unguis [NA];
lateral b. of scapula the edge of the scapula extending from the glenoid fossa to the inferior angle.margo lateralis scapulae [NA];
mastoid b. of occipital bone the margin of the occipital squama that articulates with the temporal bone.margo mastoideus squamae occipitalis [NA], mastoid margin of occipital bone;
medial b. the b. of a structure closest to the medial plane.margo medialis [NA], medial margin;
medial b. of foot the inner b. of the foot extending from heel to the great toe.margo medialis pedis [NA], margo tibialis pedis [NA], tibial b. of foot;
medial b. of forearm an imaginary line extrapolated from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the styloid process of the ulna, forming a b. between the anterior and posterior surfaces.margo medialis antebrachii [NA], margo ulnaris antebrachii [NA], ulnar margin of forearm;
medial b. of humerus the ridge on the humerus extending from the crest of the lesser tubercle to the medial epicondyle.margo medialis humerii [NA];
medial b. of kidney the concave b. of the kidney.margo medialis renis [NA];
medial b. of scapula the edge of the scapula closest to the vertebral column, extending from superior angle to inferior angle.margo medialis scapulae, vertebral b. of scapula;
medial b. of suprarenal gland the paravertebral edge of the suprarenal gland.margo medialis glandulae suprarenalis [NA];
medial b. of tibia the rounded b. of the tibia that separates the posterior and medial surfaces.margo medialis tibiae [NA];
mesovarian b. of ovary the border of the ovary to which the mesovarium is attached.margo mesovaricus ovarii [NA], mesovarian margin of ovary;
nasal b. of frontal bone the border of the frontal bone that articulates with the nasal bones.margo nasalis ossis frontalis [NA], nasal margin of frontal bone;
occipital b. edge of a bone which articulates with the occipital bone. See occipital b. of parietal bone, occipital b. of temporal bone.margo occipitalis [NA], occipital margin;
occipital b. of parietal bone the posterior margin of the parietal bone that articulates with the occipital squama.margo occipitalis ossis parietalis [NA];
occipital b. of temporal bone that part of the temporal bone that articulates with the occipital squama.margo occipitalis ossis temporalis [NA];
occult b. of nail proximal b. of nail
parietal b. edge of a bone which articulates with the parietal bone. See parietal b. of frontal bone, parietal b. of sphenoid bone, parietal b. of temporal bone.margo parietalis [NA], parietal margin;
parietal b. of frontal bone the margin of the frontal bone that articulates with the parietal bone.margo parietalis ossis frontalis [NA];
parietal b. of sphenoid bone the margin of the greater wing of the sphenoid that articulates with the parietal bone.margo parietalis ossis sphenoidalis [NA];
parietal b. of temporal bone the b. of the squamous part of the temporal bone that articulates with the parietal bone.margo parietalis ossis temporalis [NA];
posterior b. of eyelids the posterior edge of the free margin of each eyelid, which is also the border of the conjunctiva.
posterior b. of fibula the ridge on the posterior aspect of the fibula extending from the head to the medial aspect of the peroneal groove.margo posterior fibulae [NA];
posterior b. of petrous part of temporal bone the margin of the petrous part of the temporal bone that extends from the apex to the jugular notch; it articulates with the basal and jugular portions of the occipital bone.margo posterior partis petrosae ossis temporalis [NA];
posterior b. of radius the ridge on the radius that extends from the tuberosity to the tubercle on the posterior aspect of the distal extremity.margo posterior radii [NA];
posterior b. of testis the rounded posterior portion of the testis into which the vessels enter.margo posterior testis [NA];
posterior b. of ulna the sinuous palpable subcutaneous ridge on the posterior aspect of the ulna that extends from near the olecranon to the styloid process, demarcating "anterior" (flexor) from "posterior" (extensor) compartments of forearm.margo posterior ulnae [NA];
proximal b. of nail the proximal border of the nail entirely covered by the nail wall.margo occultus unguis [NA], occult b. of nail;
pupillary b. of iris the inner border of the iris that forms the edge of the pupil.margo pupillaris iridis [NA], pupillary margin of iris;
radial b. of forearm lateral b. of forearm
right b. of heart the b. between the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the heart; it is fairly well defined in fixed hearts but is rounded and indefinite in the living heart.margo dexter cordis [NA], right margin of heart;
sagittal b. of parietal bone the medial border of the parietal bone entering into the sagittal suture.margo sagittalis ossis parietalis [NA];
sphenoidal b. of temporal bone the part of the border of the squamous part of the temporal bone that articulates with the greater wing of the sphenoid.margo sphenoidalis ossis temporalis [NA];
squamous b. edge of a bone which articulates with the squamous part of the temporal bone. See squamous b. of parietal bone, squamous b. of sphenoid bone.margo squamosus [NA], squamous margin;
squamous b. of parietal bone the lateral b. of the parietal bone that articulates with the squamous part of the temporal bone.margo squamosus ossis parietalis [NA];
squamous b. of sphenoid bone the margin of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone that articulates with the squamous part of the temporal bone.margo squamosus ossis sphenoidalis [NA];
striated b. the free surface of the columnar absorptive cells of the intestine formed by closely packed microvilli about 1 mum long, giving the appearance of parallel striations.limbus striatus;
superior b. the cranial or uppermost margin of a structure.
superior b. of pancreas the uppermost border of the body of the pancreas that separates the anterior and posterior surfaces.margo superior pancreatis [NA];
superior b. of petrous part of temporal bone the margin that separates the anterior and posterior surfaces of the petrous part of the temporal bone and the lateral part of the middle cranial fossa from the posterior cranial fossa.margo superior partis petrosae ossis temporalis [NA], crest of petrous part of temporal bone;
superior b. of scapula the margin of the scapula that extends from the glenoid fossa to the superior angle.margo superior scapulae [NA];
superior b. of spleen the notched border of the spleen that separates the gastric and disphragmatic surfaces.margo superior splenis [NA];
superior b. of suprarenal gland the border of the suprarenal gland at the superior junction of the anterior and posterior surfaces.margo superior glandulae suprarenalis [NA];
tibial b. of foot medial b. of foot
b. of uterus the right or left margin of the uterus along which the broad ligament is attached. The uterine tube and round ligament attach to the uterus at the upper part of the border.margo uteri [NA];
ventral b. anterior b
vermilion b. the red margin of the upper and lower lip that commences at the exterior edge of the intraoral labial mucosa ("moist line") and extends outward, terminating at the extraoral labial cutaneous junction; a thinly keratinized type of stratified squamous epithelium deeply penetrated by well-vascularized dermal papillae which show through the translucent epidermis to impart the typical red appearance of the lips.vermilion zone, vermilion transitional zone;
vertebral b. of scapula medial b. of scapula
zygomatic b. of greater wing of sphenoid bone the border of the greater wing of the sphenoid that articulates with the zygomatic bone.margo zygomaticus alae majoris [NA], zygomatic margin of greater wing of sphenoid bone;

Bordet Bordet

Jules, Belgian bacteriologist and Nobel laureate, 1870-1961. See Bordetella; B.-Gengou potato blood agar, bacillus, phenomenon; B. and Gengou reaction.

Bordetella Bordetella (bor-de-tel´a)

A genus of strictly aerobic bacteria (family Brucellaceae) containing minute, Gram-negative coccobacilli. Motile and nonmotile species occur; motile cells are peritrichous. The metabolism of these organisms is respiratory. They require nicotinic acid, cysteine, and methionine; hemin (X factor) and coenzyme I (V factor) are not required. They are parasites and pathogens of the mammalian respiratory tract. The type species is B. pertussis. [J. Bordet]
B. bronchisep´tica a species causing atrophic rhinitis of swine, bronchopneumonia in rodents, and bronchopneumonia secondary to distemper in dogs.
B. parapertus´sis a species that causes a whooping cough-like disease.
B. pertus´sis a species that causes whooping cough; it produces cell-destroying toxins and causes thick mucus to collect in the airway. The type species of the genus B.Bordet-Gengou bacillus;

boric acid boric acid (bo´rik)

H₃BO₃;a very weak acid, used as an antiseptic dusting powder, in saturated solution as a collyrium, and with glycerin in aphthae and stomatitis.boracic acid;

borism borism (bor´izm)

Symptoms caused by the ingestion of borax or any compound of boron.

Börjeson Börjeson

Mats, Swedish physician, *1922. See B.-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome.

Born Born

Gustav Jacob, German embryologist, 1851-1900. See B. method of wax plate reconstruction.

bornane bornane (bor´nan)

1,7,7-trimethylnorbornane;the monoterpene parent of borneols, camphene, and similar essential oils (terpenes).

boroglycerin boroglycerin (bo-ro-glis´er-in)

A soft mass obtained by heating glycerin and boric acid; an obsolete antiseptic, usually used mixed with equal parts of glycerin, constituting glycerite.boroglycerol, glyceryl borate;

boroglycerol boroglycerol (bo-ro-glis´er-ol)

boroglycerin

boron (B) boron (B) (bor´on)

A nonmetallic trivalent element, atomic no. 5, atomic wt. 10.811; occurs as a hard crystalline mass or as a brown powder, and forms borates and boric acid. A nutritional need has been reported with pregnant women. [Pers. Burah]

Borrel Borrel

Amédée, French bacteriologist, 1867-1936. See B. bodies, under body; B.'s blue stain.

Borrelia Borrelia (bo-re´le-a, bo-rel´e-a)

A genus of bacteria (family Treponemataceae) containing cells 8 to 16 mum in length, with coarse, shallow, irregular spirals and tapered, finely filamented ends. These organisms are parasitic on many forms of animal life, are generally hematophytic, or are found on mucous membranes. Some borreliae are transmitted by the bites of arthropods. The type species is B. anserina. [A. Borrell]
B. anseri´na a species that causes spirochetosis of fowls; found in the blood of infected geese, ducks, other fowls, and vector ticks; it is the type species of the genus B.
B. burgdor´feri a species causing Lyme disease in humans and borreliosis in dogs, cattle, and possibly horses. The vector transmitting this spirochete to humans is the ixodid tick, Ixodes dammini.
B. cauca´sica a species found as a cause of relapsing fever in the Caucasus; transmitted by Ornithodoros verrucosus.
B. crocidu´rae a species that causes relapsing fever in Africa, the Near East, and central Asia, and is transmitted by the small variety of the tick Ornithodoros erraticus.
B. dutto´nii a species causing Central and South African relapsing fever; transmitted by a tick, Ornithodoros moubata.
B. herm´sii a species found as a cause of relapsing fever in British Columbia, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington; transmitted by a tick, Ornithodoros hermsi.
B. hispan´ica a species causing relapsing fever in Spain, Portugal, and northwest Africa, transmitted by the large variety of the tick Ornithodorus erratica.
B. latysche´wii a species that causes relapsing fever in Iran and central Asia; transmitted by the tick Ornithodoros tartakovskyi from rodents and reptiles.
B. mazzot´tii a species that causes relapsing fever in Mexico and Central and South America; transmitted by the tick Ornithodoros talajé.
B. par´keri a species found as a cause of relapsing fever in the western United States; transmitted by a tick, Ornithodoros parkeri.
B. per´sica a species that causes relapsing fever in the Middle East and central Asia; the vector is the tick Ornithodoros tholozani.
B. recurren´tis a species causing relapsing fever in South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia; transmitted by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius, and the louse, Pediculus humanus subsp. humanus.Obermeier's spirillum, Spirochaeta obermeieri;
B. thei´leri a species that causes borreliosis in cattle and other mammals in South Africa and Australia; transmitted by the ticks Boophilus microplus and Rhipicephalus evertsi.
B. turica´tae a species found as a cause of relapsing fever in Mexico, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas; transmitted by Ornithodoros turicata.
B. venezuelen´sis a species causing spirochetal relapsing fever in Central and South America; transmitted by Ornithodoros rudis and O. venezuelensis.

borreliosis borreliosis (bo-re-le-o´sis)

Disease caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia.
bovine b. a disease of cattle caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and characterized by laminitis, arthritis, and synovitis.
canine b. a disease of dogs caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and characterized by lameness due to a migratory, intermittent, oligoarticular arthritis.
Lyme b. Lyme disease

Borst Borst

Maximilian, German pathologist, 1869-1946. See B.-Jadassohn type intraepidermal epithelioma.

Bosin's disease Bosin's disease

See under disease.

boss boss (baws)

1. A protuberance; a circumscribed rounded swelling. 2. The prominence of a kyphosis. [M. E. boce, fr. O. Fr.]

bosselated bosselated (baws´e-la-ted)

Marked by numerous bosses or rounded protuberances. [Fr. bosseler, to emboss]

bosselation bosselation (baws-e-la´shun)

1. A boss. 2. A condition in which one or more bosses, or rounded protuberances, are present.

Boston Boston

Leonard N., U.S. physician, 1871-1931.

Botallo Botallo , Botallus

Leonardo, Italian physician in Paris, 1530-1600(?). See B.'s duct, foramen, ligament.

botfly botfly (bot´flI)

Robust, hairy fly of the order Diptera, often strikingly marked in black and yellow or gray, whose larvae produce a variety of myiasis conditions in man and various domestic animals, especially herbivores. See also Gasterophilus.
head b.'s flesh flies of the dipterous families Oestridae and Cuterebridae; robust, hairy, black, yellow, or gray flies that, while flying, deposit newly hatched larvae or, in some cases, eggs, on or near the nostrils of sheep, goats, deer, horses, camels, and, rarely, man.
human b. Dermatobia hominis
skin b.'s Dermatobia hominis See also Cuterebra.
warble b. Dermatobia hominis See also Hypoderma.

bothria bothria (both´re-a)

Plural of bothrium.

bothriocephaliasis bothriocephaliasis (both´re-o-sef-a-lI´a-sis)

diphyllobothriasis

Bothriocephalus Bothriocephalus (both´re-o-sef´a-lus)

A genus of pseudophyllid tapeworms with both plerocercoid and adult stages in fishes; sometimes historically confused with Diphyllobothrium. [G. bothrion, dim. of bothros, pit or trench, + kephale, head]
B. corda´tus a species common in dogs and man in Greenland.
B. la´tus former name for Diphyllobothrium latum.
B. manso´ni former name for Spirometra mansoni.
B. mansonoi´des former name for Spirometra mansonoides.

bothrium bothrium, pl. bothria (both´re-um, -re-a)

One of the slitlike sucking grooves found on the scolex of pseudophyllidean tapeworms, such as the broad fish tapeworm of man, Diphyllobothrium latum. [G. bothros, pit or trench]

botryoid botryoid (bot´re-oyd)

Having numerous rounded protuberances resembling a bunch of grapes.staphyline, uviform; [G. botryoeides, like a bunch of grapes (botrys)]

Botryomyces Botryomyces (bot´re-o-mI´sez)

A generic name applied to a supposed fungus causing botryomycosis. Since this disease is now known to be caused by several kinds of bacteria, staphylococci most commonly, the name is invalid and rarely used. The name of the disease has been retained, nevertheless, to indicate a peculiar type of tissue reaction. [G. botrys, a bunch of grapes, + mykes, fungus]

botryomycosis botryomycosis (bot´re-o-mI-ko´sis)

A chronic granulomatous condition of horses, cattle, swine, and man, usually involving the skin but occasionally also the viscera, and characterized by granules in the pus, consisting of masses of bacteria, generally staphylococci but sometimes other types, surrounded by a hyaline capsule which sometimes exhibits clublike bodies around its periphery; the anatomic structure of the lesion resembles that of actinomycosis and mycetoma.actinophytosis (2); [fr. Botryomyces]

botryomycotic botryomycotic (bot´re-o-mI-kot´ik)

Relating to or affected by botryomycosis.

bots bots

The larvae of several species of botflies. [Gael. boiteag, maggot]
ox b. cattle grub, the larvae of the warble flies, Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum.
sheep b. Oestrus ovis larvae.

Böttcher Böttcher

Arthur, Estonian anatomist, 1831-1889. See B.'s canal, cells, under cell, crystals, under crystal, ganglion, space; Charcot-B. crystalloids, under crystalloid.

bottle bottle (bot´tl)

A container for liquids.
Mariotte b. a stoppered b. with bottom outlet, used as a reservoir for constant infusions; air enters only by bubbling through a tube extending down through the stopper almost to the bottom; a partial vacuum thus supports the variable height of liquid above the air inlet, providing a constant gravity head for outflow.
wash-b. 1. a bottle with a tube passing to the bottom, through which gases are forced into water to purify them; 2. a stoppered bottle with two tubes, one ending above and the other below a fluid, so that air blowing through the short tube forces liquid in a small stream from the free end of the long one; used for washing chemical apparatus.
Woulfe's b. a b. with two or three necks, used in a series, connected with tubes, for working with gases (washing, drying, absorbing, etc.).

botulin botulin (bot´yu-lin)

botulinus toxin

botulinogenic botulinogenic (bot´yu-lin-o-jen´ik)

botulogenic

botulism botulism (bot´yu-lizm)

Food poisioning caused by the ingestion of the neurotoxin Clostridium botulinum from improperly canned or preserved food; mainly affects man, chickens, water fowl, cattle, sheep, and horses, and is characterized by paralysis in all species; can be fatal; swine, dogs, and cats are somewhat resistant. See also Clostridium botulinum. [L. botulus, sausage]
wound b. b. resulting from infection of a wound.

botulismotoxin botulismotoxin (bot´yu-liz-mo-tok´sin)

botulinus toxin

botulogenic botulogenic (bot´yu-lo-jen´ik)

Botulism-producing.botulinogenic;

boubas boubas (bu´bahs)

yaws [native Brazilian]

Bouchard Bouchard

Charles Jacques, French physician, 1837-1915. See B.'s disease.

bouche de tapir bouche de tapir (bush-de-ta´pir)

tapir mouth [Fr.]

Bouchut Bouchut

Jean A.E., French physician, 1818-1891. See B.'s tube.

Bouffardi's mycetomas Bouffardi's mycetomas

See Bouffardi's white mycetoma.

bougie bougie (bu-zhe´)

A cylindrical instrument, usually somewhat flexible and yielding, used for calibrating or dilating constricted areas in tubular organs, such as the urethra or esophagus; sometimes containing a medication for local application. [Fr. candle]
b. à boule (bu-zhe´a-bul´) a ball-tipped b.
bulbous b. a b. with a bulb-shaped tip, some of which are shaped like an acorn or an olive.
Eder-Pustow b. a metal olive-shaped b. with a flexible metal dilating system (for esophageal stricture).
elastic b. a b. made of rubber, latex, or other similarly flexible material.
elbowed b. a b. with a sharply angulated bend near its tip.
filiform b. a very slender b. usually used for gentle exploration of strictures or sinus tracts of small diameter where false passages can be encountered or created; the entering end can consist of either a straight or spiral tip, and the trailing end usually consists of a threaded cylinder into which the screw tip of a following b. can be inserted.
following b. a flexible tapered b. with a screw tip which is attached to the trailing end of a filiform b., to allow progressive dilation without danger of creating false passages.
Hurst b.'s a series of mercury-filled tubes of graded diameter for dilating the cardioesophageal region.
Maloney b.'s a series of b.'s similar to Hurst b.'s but having cone-shaped tips.
Savary b.'s silastic tapered tip b.'s used over a guide wire in esophageal dilatation.
tapered b. a b. with gradually increasing caliber, used to dilate strictures.
wax-tipped b. a long slender flexible b. with a wax tip, used for endoscopic passage into the ureter to confirm the presence of a calculus by scratching the surface of the tip with the sharp edges of the stone.
whip b. a b. tapered to a threadlike tip at the end.

bougienage bougienage (bu-zhe-nahzh´)

Examination or treatment of the interior of any canal by the passage of a bougie or cannula.

Bouillaud Bouillaud

Jean, French physician, 1796-1881. See B.'s disease.

bouillon bouillon (bu-yaw&novdot;´)

A clear beef tea. [Fr. broth, fr. bouillir, to boil]

Bouin Bouin

Paul, French histologist, 1870-1962. See B.'s fixative.

boulimia boulimia (bu-lim´e-a)

bulimia nervosa

bound bound (bownd)

1. Limited, circumscribed; enclosed. 2. Denoting a substance, such as iodine, phosphorus, calcium, morphine, or another drug, that is not in readily difusible form but exists in combination with a high molecular weight substance, especially protein. 3. Fixed to a receptor, such as on a cell wall.

bouquet bouquet (bu-ka´)

A cluster or bunch of structures, especially of blood vessels, suggesting a b. [Fr.]
Riolan's b. the muscles and ligaments, "les fleurs rouges et les fleurs blanches" (the red and white flowers), arising from the styloid process.

Bourdon Bourdon

Eugène, French engineer and inventor, 1808-1884. See B. tube.

Bourgery Bourgery

Marc-Jean, French anatomist and surgeon, 1797-1849. See B.'s ligament.

Bourneville Bourneville

Désiré-Magloire, French physician, 1840-1909. See B.'s disease; B.-Pringle disease.

Bourquin Bourquin

Anne, U.S. chemist, *1897. See Sherman-B. unit of vitamin B₂.

bouton bouton (bu-ton´)

A button, pustule, or knob-like swelling. [Fr. button]
axonal terminal b.'s axon terminals, under terminal
b. de Bagdad , b. d'Orient the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis.bouton de Biskra;
b. en chemise small abscess of the intestinal mucosa, occurring in amebic dysentery.
b.'s en passage consecutive synapses along the course of an axon.
synaptic b.'s axon terminals, under terminal
terminal b.'s , b. terminaux axon terminals, under terminal

bouton de Biskra bouton de Biskra

bouton de Bagdad

boutonnière boutonnière (bu-ton-ner´, -nar´)

A traumatically produced slit or buttonhole-like opening. [Fr. buttonhole]

Bovero Bovero

Renaldo, 20th century Italian dermatologist. See Bovero's muscle.

Bovicola Bovicola (bo-vik´o-la)

A genus of biting lice that is considered by some to be a subgenus of Damalinia; includes the species B. bovis (Trichodectes scalaris), the common red or biting ox louse of cattle; B. caprae (Trichodectes climax), found on sheep and goats; B. equi (Trichodectes parumpilosus), the common biting louse of horses; B. ovis (Trichodectes sphaerocephalus), the common biting louse of sheep. See also Trichodectes.

Bovie Bovie

An instrument used for electrosurgical dissection and hemostasis. Frequently used as a verb, i.e., to Bovie something is to dissect or cauterize it with the Bovie instrument.

bovine bovine (bo´vIn, -vin)

Relating to cattle. [L. bos (bov-), ox]

bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy

a familiar myeloencephalopathy of brown Swiss cattle characterized by bilateral hindleg weakness and ataxia and deficient proprioceptive reflexes.

bow bow (bo)

Any device bent in a simple curve or semicircle and possessing flexibility. [A.S. boga]
Logan's b. heavy stainless steel wire bent in an arc and taped to both cheeks to protect the incision and to relieve tension on a freshly repaired cleft lip.

Bowditch Bowditch

Henry P., U.S. physiologist, 1840-1911. See B.'s law; B. effect.

bowel bowel

intestinum (1) See small bowel series. [through the Fr. from L. botulus, sausage]
large b. the colon.
small b. proximal portion of the intestine distal to the stomach, comprising the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Bowen Bowen

John T., U.S. dermatologist, 1857-1941. See B.'s disease, precancerous dermatosis; bowenoid papulosis; Bowenoid cells, under cell.

Bowie Bowie

Donald James, Canadian physician, *1887. See Bowie's stain.

Bowie's stain Bowie's stain

See under stain.

bowleg bowleg , bow-b. (bo´leg)

genu varum

Bowles type stethoscope Bowles type stethoscope

See under stethoscope.

Bowman Bowman

Sir William, English ophthalmologist, anatomist, and physiologist, 1816-1892. See B.'s capsule, disks, under disk, gland, membrane, muscle, probe, space, theory.

box box (boks)

Container; receptacle. [L.L. buxis, fr. G. puxis, box tree]
black b. 1. (Jargon) descriptive of a method of reasoning or studying a problem, in which the methods and procedures, as such, are not described, explained, or perhaps even understood: conclusions relate solely to the empirical relationships observed; 2. in some contexts, the term can mean a piece of apparatus or an experimental animal in which the pharmacologic or toxicologic pathway has not yet been worked out.
CAAT b. a sequence of nucleotides found in a conserved region of DNA located "upstream" (5´ direction) of the start points of eukaryotic transcription units; specific transcription factors appear to associate with it; found in many promoters at -75 bp with the consensus sequence: GG(T/C)CAATCT.
fracture b. an obsolete means of supporting a fractured leg, consisting of a container with only bottom and sides.
Hogness b. See homeobox.
homeobox in molecular biology, a sequence of nucleotides rich in thymidylate (T) and deoxyadenylate (A) arranged in conventional 5´- to 3´- orientation which occurs in the promoter region of the DNA of many (if not all) genomes, just "upstream" (5´ direction) from the starting point of transcription by RNA polymerase. Sometimes called Hogness b. or Pribnow b. after the investigators who first noted the ubiquitous occurrence of the sequence in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, respectively. The b. contains a sequence of 180 base pairs, the homeodomain, which is very highly conserved. Several aberrant forms have been identified in individual disorders [MIM*142950-142993]. [box, fr. enclosure of nucleotide letters in a rectangle]
Pribnow b. See homeobox.
Skinner b. an experimental apparatus in which an animal presses a lever to obtain a reward or receive punishment.
TATA b. a highly conserved bacterial DNA sequence found about 25 bp upstream from the transcription start site of genes, usually flanked by GC rich sequences; binding site of transcription factors but not RNA polymerase. See homeobox.
view b. a light b. for display of radiographs or other photographic transparencies.

boxing boxing (boks´ing)

In dentistry, the building up of vertical walls, usually in wax, around a dental impression after beading, to produce the desired size and form of the dental cast, and to preserve certain landmarks of the impression.

Boyce Boyce

William H., U.S. urologist, *1918. See Smith-B. operation.

Boyden Boyden

Edward A., U.S. anatomist, 1886-1977. See B. meal; B.'s sphincter.

Boyer Boyer

Baron Alexis, French surgeon, 1757-1833. See B.'s bursa, cyst.

Boyle Boyle

Hon. Robert, British physicist and chemist, 1627-1691. See B.'s law.

Bozeman Bozeman

Nathan, U.S. surgeon, 1825-1905. See B.'s operation, position; B.-Fritsch catheter.

Bozzolo Bozzolo

Camillo, Italian physician, 1845-1920. See B.'s sign.

BP BP

Abbreviation for blood pressure; British Pharmacopoeia.

b.p. b.p.

Abbreviation for boiling point.

Bq Bq

Abbreviation for becquerel.

Br Br

Symbol for bromine.

Braasch Braasch

William F., U.S. urologist, 1878-1975. See B. catheter.

brace brace (bras)

An orthosis or orthopedic appliance that supports or holds in correct position any movable part of the body and that allows motion of the part, in contrast to a splint, which prevents motion of the part. [M. E., fr. O. Fr., fr. L. bracchium, arm, fr. G. brachion]
Taylor's back b. a steel spinal support.Taylor's apparatus, Taylor's splint;

bracelet bracelet (bras´let)

An appliance for the wrist.
Nussbaum's b. an appliance designed for use with writer's cramp.

braces braces (bra´sez)

Colloquialism for orthodontic appliances.

brachia brachia (bra´ke-a)

Plural of brachium.

brachial brachial (bra´ke-al)

Relating to the arm.

brachialgia brachialgia (bra-ke-al´je-a)

Pain in the arm. [L. brachium, arm, + algos, pain]
b. stat´ica paresthet´ica pain in the arm and transient paresthesia occurring only at night.

brachio- brachio-

1. arm (1) 2. radial [L. brachium]

brachiocephalic brachiocephalic (bra´ke-o-se-fal´ik)

Relating to both arm and head.

brachiocrural brachiocrural (bra´ke-o-kru´ral)

Relating to both arm and thigh.

brachiocubital brachiocubital (bra´ke-o-kyu´bi-tal)

Relating to both arm and elbow or to both arm and forearm.

brachiogram brachiogram (bra´ke-o-gram)

Tracing of the brachial artery pulse.

brachium brachium, pl. brachia (bra´ke-um, brak´; -a) [NA]

1. arm (1) 2. An anatomical structure resembling an arm. [L. arm, prob. akin to G. brachion]
b. collic´uli inferio´ris [NA] b. of inferior colliculus
b. collic´uli superio´ris [NA] b. of superior colliculus
b. conjuncti´vum cerebel´li superior cerebellar peduncle
b. of inferior colliculus a fiber bundle passing from the inferior colliculus on either side of the brainstem along the lateral border of the superior colliculus to the posterior part of the thalamus where it enters the medial geniculate body. It forms part of the major ascending auditory pathway.b. colliculi inferioris [NA], b. quadrigeminum inferius, inferior quadrigeminal b;
inferior quadrigeminal b. b. of inferior colliculus
b. pon´tis middle cerebellar peduncle
b. quadrigem´inum infe´rius b. of inferior colliculus
b. quadrigem´inum supe´rius b. of superior colliculus
b. of superior colliculus a band of fibers of the optic tract bypassing the lateral geniculate body to terminate in the superior colliculus and pretectal region.b. colliculi superioris [NA], b. quadrigeminum superius, superior quadrigeminal b;
superior quadrigeminal b. b. of superior colliculus

Bracht Bracht

E., 20th century German pathologist. See B.-Wachter lesion.

Bracht Bracht

Erich Franz, German obstetrician and gynecologist, *1882. See B. maneuver.

brachy- brachy-

Short. [G. brachys, short]

brachybasia brachybasia (brak-e-ba´se-a)

The shuffling gait characteristic of pyramidal tract disease. [brachy- + G. basis, a stepping]

brachybasocamptodactyly brachybasocamptodactyly (brak-e-ba´so-kamp-to-dak´ti-le)

Combined disproportionate shortness and crookedness of the fingers. [brachy- + G. basis, base, + campylos, curved, + daktylos, finger]

brachybasophalangia brachybasophalangia (brak-e-ba´so-fa-lan´je-a)

Abnormal shortness of the proximal phalanges. [brachy- + G. basis, base, + phalanx]

brachycardia brachycardia (brak-e-kar´de-a)

bradycardia

brachycephalia brachycephalia (brak-e-se-fa´le-a)

brachycephaly

brachycephalic brachycephalic (brak-e-se-fal´ik)

Relating to or characterized by brachycephaly.brachycephalous;

brachycephalism brachycephalism (brak-e-sef´a-lizm)

brachycephaly [brachy- + G. kephale, head]

brachycephalous brachycephalous (brak-e-sef´a-lus)

brachycephalic

brachycephaly brachycephaly (brak-e-sef´a-le)

Disproportionate shortness of head, the skull having a cephalic index of over 80; among the brachycephalic races are the American Indians, Malayans, and Burmese.brachycephalia, brachycephalism; [brachy- + G. kephale, head]

brachycheilia brachycheilia , brachychilia (brak´e-kI´le-a)

Abnormal shortness of the lips. [brachy- + G. cheilos, lip]

brachycnemic brachycnemic (brak-e-ne´mik)

Having short legs; specifically, relating to a tibiofemoral index of less than 82 with a shank disproportionately shorter than the thigh. [brachy- + G. kneme, leg]

brachycranic brachycranic (brak-e-kra´nik)

Brachycephalic with a cephalic index of 80.0 to 84.9. [brachy- + G. kranion, skull]

brachydactylia brachydactylia (brak-e-dak-til´e-a)

brachydactyly [brachy- + G. daktylos, finger]

brachydactylic brachydactylic (brak-e-dak-til´ik)

Denoting brachydactyly.

brachydactyly brachydactyly (brak-e-dak´ti-le)

Abnormal shortness of the fingers.brachydactylia; [brachy- + G. daktylos, finger]

brachyesophagus brachyesophagus (brak´e-e-sof´a-gus)

An abnormally short esophagus. [brachy- + esophagus]

brachyfacial brachyfacial (brak-e-fa´shal)

brachyprosopic

brachyglossal brachyglossal (brak-e-glos´al)

Denoting an abnormally short tongue. [brachy- + G. glossa, tongue]

brachygnathia brachygnathia (brak-ig-na´the-a)

Abnormal shortness or recession of the mandible. See also micrognathia.bird face; [brachy- + G. gnathos, jaw]

brachygnathous brachygnathous (brak-ig´na-thus)

Having a receding underjaw.

brachykerkic brachykerkic (brak-e-ker´kik)

Relating to a radiohumeral index of less than 75, with a forearm relatively shorter than the upper arm. [brachy- + G. kerkis, radius]

brachymelia brachymelia (brak-e-me´le-a)

Disproportionate shortness of the limbs. [brachy- + G. melos, limb]

brachymesophalangia brachymesophalangia (brak-e-mes´o-fa-lan´je-a)

Abnormal shortness of the middle phalanges. [brachy- + G. mesos, middle, + phalanx]

brachymetacarpalia brachymetacarpalia , brachymetacarpalism (brak´e-met-a-kar-pa´le-a, -met-a-kar´pa-lizm)

brachymetacarpia

brachymetacarpia brachymetacarpia (brak´e-met-a-car´pe-a)

Abnormal shortness of the metacarpals, especially the fourth and fifth.brachymetacarpalia, brachymetacarpalism;

brachymetapody brachymetapody (brak´e-me-tap´o-de)

Apparent shortness of toes or fingers resulting from shortness or hypoplasia of the metacarpals or metatarsals. [brachy- + G. meta- (tarsal) + pous (pod-), foot]

brachymetatarsia brachymetatarsia (brak´e-met-a-tar´se-a)

Abnormal shortness of the metatarsals.

brachymorphic brachymorphic (brak´e-mor´fik)

Having, or denoting, a shorter form than that of the usually accepted norm. [brachy- + G. morphe, form]

brachyodont brachyodont (brak´e-o-dont)

Having abnormally short teeth. [brachy- + G. odous, tooth]

brachyonychia brachyonychia (brak´e-o-nik´e-a)

Short nails, in which the width of the nail plate and nail bed is greater than the length; may be congenital or result from nail biting, bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism, or psoriatic arthropathy. [G. brachys, short + onyx, onychos, nail, + suffix -ia, condition]

brachypellic brachypellic (brak-e-pel´ik)

Denoting a transverse oval pelvis. See brachypellic pelvis.brachypelvic; [brachy- + pelvis]

brachypelvic brachypelvic (brak-e-pel´vik)

brachypellic

brachyphalangia brachyphalangia (brak´e-fa-lan´je-a)

Abnormal shortness of the phalanges. [brachy- + phalanx]

brachypodous brachypodous (bra-kip´o-dus)

Having abnormally short feet. [brachy- + G. pous, foot]

brachyprosopic brachyprosopic (brak-e-pro-sop´ik)

Having a disproportionately short face.brachyfacial; [brachy- + G. prosopikos, facial]

brachyrhinia brachyrhinia (brak-e-rI´ne-a)

Abnormal shortness of the nose. [brachy- + G. rhis, nose]

brachyrhynchus brachyrhynchus (brak-e-ring´kus)

Abnormal shortness of the nose and maxilla, often associated with cyclopia. [brachy- + G. rhynchos, snout]

brachyskelic brachyskelic (brak-e-skel´ik)

Relating to abnormally short legs. [brachy- + G. skelos, leg]

brachystaphyline brachystaphyline (brak-e-staf´i-lin)

Having a short palate; having a palatomaxillary index above 85. [brachy- + G. staphyle, uvula]

brachysyndactyly brachysyndactyly (brak´e-sin-dak´ti-le)

Abnormal shortness of fingers or toes combined with a webbing between the adjacent digits. [brachy- + syndactyly]

brachytelephalangia brachytelephalangia (brak-e-tel´e-fa-lan´je-a)

Abnormal shortness of the distal phalanges. [brachy- + G. telos, end, + phalanx]

brachytherapy brachytherapy (brak-e-thar´a-pe)

Radiotherapy in which the source of irradiation is placed close to the surface of the body or within a body cavity; e.g., application of radium to the cervix.
interstitial b. radiotherapy by implantation of radioactive needles or other sources directly into and around the tissue to be irradiated.

brachytype brachytype (brak´e-tIp)

endomorph

brachyuranic brachyuranic (brak-e-yu-ran´ik)

Having a palatomaxillary index above 115. [brachy- + G. ouranos, the sky, roof of the mouth]

bracing bracing (bras´ing)

In dentistry, resistance to horizontal components of masticatory force. See component of force.

bracket bracket (brak´et)

In dentistry, a small metal attachment that is soldered or welded to an orthodontic band or bonded directly to the teeth, serving to fasten the arch wire to the band or tooth.

Bradford Bradford

Edward H., U.S. orthopedist, 1848-1926. See B. frame.

brady- brady-

Slow. [G. bradys, slow]

bradyarrhythmia bradyarrhythmia (brad´e-a-rith´me-a)

Any disturbance of the heart's rhythm resulting(by convention) in a rate under 60 beats per minute. [brady- + G. a- priv. + rhythmos, rhythm]

bradyarthria bradyarthria (brad-e-arth´re-a)

A form of dysarthria characterized by an abnormal slowness or deliberation in speech.bradyglossia (2), bradylalia, bradylogia; [brady- + G. arthroo, to utter distinctly, fr. arthron, a joint]

bradycardia bradycardia (brad-e-kar´de-a)

Slowness of the heartbeat, usually defined (by convention) as a rate under 60 beats per minute.brachycardia, bradyrhythmia; [brady- + G. kardia, heart]
central b. b. due to disease of the central nervous system, usually with increased intracranial pressure.
essential b. a slow pulse for which no cause can be discovered.idiopathic b;
fetal b. a fetal heart rate of less than 100 beats per minute.
idiopathic b. essential b
marked fetal b. a fetal heart rate less than 100 beats per minute.
mild fetal b. a fetal heart rate less than 120 beats per minute.
nodal b. atrioventricular junctional rhythm
postinfectious b. a toxic b. occurring during convalescence from various infectious diseases, such as influenza.
sinus b. b. originating in the normal sinus pacemaker.
vagal b. any excessive cardiac slowing due to stimulation of the vagus nerves.
ventricular b. slowness of ventricular rate, usually implying the presence of atrioventricular block.

bradycardiac bradycardiac (brad-e-kar´de-ak)

Relating to or characterized by bradycardia.bradycardic;

bradycardic bradycardic (brad-e-kar´dik)

bradycardiac

bradycinesia bradycinesia (brad-e-si-ne´se-a)

bradykinesia

bradycrotic bradycrotic (brad-e-krot´ik)

Relating to or characterized by a slow pulse. [brady- + G. krotos, a striking]

bradydiastole bradydiastole (brad-e-dI-as´to-le)

Prolongation of the diastole of the heart.

bradyesthesia bradyesthesia (brad-e-es-the´ze-a)

Slow sensory perception. [brady- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

bradyglossia bradyglossia (brad-e-glos´e-a)

1. Slow or difficult tongue movement. 2. bradyarthria [brady- + G. glossa, tongue]

bradykinesia bradykinesia (brad-e-kin-e´ze-a)

A decrease in spontaneity and movement. One of the features of extrapyramidal disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.bradycinesia; [brady- + G. kinesis, movement]

bradykinetic bradykinetic (brad-e-ki-net´ik)

Characterized by or pertaining to slow movement.

bradykinin bradykinin (brad-e-kI´nin)

The nonapeptide Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg, produced from the decapeptide kallidin (bradykininogen) that is produced from a₂-globulin by kallikrein, normally present in blood in an inactive form and similar to trypsin in action; b. is one of a number of the plasma kinins, is a potent vasodilator, and is one of the physiologic mediators of anaphylaxis released from cytotropic antibody-coated mast cells following reaction with antigen (allergen) specific for the antibody.kallidin 9, kallidin I, kinin 9; [brady- + G. kineo, to move]

bradykininogen bradykininogen (brad´e-ki-nin´o-jen)

kallidin

bradykinin potentiator B bradykinin potentiator B

Glp-Gly-Leu-Pro-Pro-Arg-Pro-Lys-Ile-Pro-Pro;the undecapeptide precursor of bradykinin and the angiotensins.

bradylalia bradylalia (brad-e-la´le-a)

bradyarthria [brady- + G. lalia, speech]

bradylexia bradylexia (brad-e-lek´se-a)

Abnormal slowness in reading. [brady- + G. lexis, word]

bradylogia bradylogia (brad-e-lo´je-a)

bradyarthria [brady- + G. logos, word]

bradypepsia bradypepsia (brad-e-pep´se-a)

Slowness of digestion. [brady- + G. pepsis, digestion]

bradyphagia bradyphagia (brad-e-fa´je-a)

slowness in eating. [brady- + G. phago, to eat]

bradyphasia bradyphasia (brad-e-fa´ze-a)

A form of aphasia characterized by abnormal slowness of speech.bradyphemia; [brady- + G. phasis, speaking]

bradyphemia bradyphemia (brad-e-fe´me-a)

bradyphasia [brady- + G. pheme, speech]

bradypnea bradypnea (brad-ip-ne´a)

Abnormal slowness of respiration, specifically a low respiratory frequency. [brady- + G. pnoe, breathing]

bradypragia bradypragia (brad-e-pra´je-a)

Sluggish action; slow movement. [brady- + G. prasso, to do, act]

bradypsychia bradypsychia (brad-e-sI´ke-a)

Slowness of mental reactions. [brady- + G. psyche, soul]

bradyrhythmia bradyrhythmia (brad-e-rith´me-a)

bradycardia

bradyspermatism bradyspermatism (brad-e-sper´ma-tizm)

Absence of ejaculatory force, so that the semen trickles away slowly. [brady, + G. sperma (spermat-), seed, + ism]

bradysphygmia bradysphygmia (brad-e-sfig´me-a)

Slowness of the pulse; can occur without bradycardia, as in ventricular bigeminy when every alternate beat may fail to produce a peripheral pulse. [brady- + G. sphygmos, pulse]

bradystalsis bradystalsis (brad-e-stahl´sis)

Slow bowel motion. [G. bradys, slow, + (peri) stalsis, contracting around]

bradyteleocinesia bradyteleocinesia (brad´e-tel-e-o-sin-e´se-a)

Sudden arrest of a movement just before its intended termination, then after a pause it is completed slowly or by jerks; a symptom of cerebellar disease.bradyteleokinesis; [brady- + G. teleos, complete, + kinesis, movement]

bradyteleokinesis bradyteleokinesis (brad´e-tel-e-o-ki-ne´sis)

bradyteleocinesia

bradytocia bradytocia (brad-e-to´se-a)

Tedious labor; slow delivery. [brady- + G. tokos, childbirth]

bradyuria bradyuria (brad-e-yu´re-a)

Slow micturition. [brady- + G. ouron, urine]

bradyzoite bradyzoite (brad-e-zo´It)

A slowly multiplying encysted form of sporozoan parasite typical of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii. It has also been called a merozoite or zoite; the complex of b.'s within an enclosing membrane has also been called a pseudocyst, though it is now regarded as a true cyst. [brady- + G. zoe, life]

braille braille (bral)

A system of writing and printing by means of raised dots corresponding to letters, numbers, and punctuation to enable the blind to read by touch. [Louis Braille, French teacher of blind, 1809-1852]

Brailsford Brailsford

James Frederick, English radiologist, 1888-1961. See B.-Morquio disease.

Brain Brain

W. Russell, Lord, English physician, 1895-1966. See B.'s reflex.

brain brain (bran)

That part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium. See also encephalon. Cf. cerebrum, cerebellum. [A.S. braegen]
respirator b. a swollen and congested b. with necrotic and autolytic changes seen in patients who have been on a respirator.
split b. a b. in which the corpus callosum and usually the anterior and posterior commissures have been sectioned; usually to treat certain refractory epilepsies.
visceral b. limbic system

braincase braincase (bran´kas)

neurocranium

brainstem brainstem , brain stem (bran´stem)

Originally, the entire unpaired subdivision of the brain, composed of (in anterior sequence) the rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, and diecephalon as distinguished from the brain's only paired subdivision, the telencephalon. More recently, the term's connotation has undergone several arbitrary modifications: some use it to denote no more than rhombencephalon plus mesencephalon, distinguishing that complex from the prosencephalon (diencephalon plus telencephalon); others restrict it even further to refer exclusively to the rhombencephalon. From both developmental and architectural viewpoints, the original interpretation seems preferable.

brainwashing brainwashing (bran´wash´ing)

Inducing a person to modify his attitudes and behavior in certain directions through various forms of psychological pressure or torture.

bran bran

A by-product of the milling of wheat, containing approximately 20% of indigestible cellulose; a bulk cathartic, usually taken in the form of cereal or special bran products.

branch branch

An offshoot; in anatomy, one of the primary divisions of a nerve or blood vessel. A branch. See ramus, artery, nerve, vein.ramus (1) [NA];
accessory meningeal b. of middle meningeal artery a b. of either the middle meningeal or maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa and passing superiorly through the foramen ovale to supply the trigeminal ganglion, dura mater and inner table of bone.ramus meningeus accessorius arteriae meningeae mediae [NA];
acetabular b. an arterial b. that supplies the acetabulum; two arteries, the obturator and the medial femoral circumflex, have such b.'s.ramus acetabularis [NA], acetabular artery, arteria acetabuli;
acromial b. of suprascapular artery b. of suprascapular artery which pierces the origin of the trapezius muscle to run to the acromion; anastomoses, acromial b. of thoracoacromial artery.ramus acromialis arteriae suprascapularis [NA];
acromial b. of thoracoacromial artery a b. of the thoracoacromial artery that runs over the coracoid process and under the deltoid muscle.ramus acromialis arteriae thoracoacromialis [NA], acromial artery;
anastomotic b. the anastomotic branch, a blood vessel that interconnects two neighboring vessels. It should not be used for the nervous system, because there is no analogy between a vascular anastomosing branch and a connection between nerves or their subdivisions.ramus anastomoticus;
anastomotic b. of middle meningeal artery to lacrimal artery a b. of the middle meningeal artery arising in the cranial cavity which runs anteriorly through the superior orbital fissure to anastomose with the lacrimal artery. See orbital b. of middle meningeal artery.ramus anastomoticus arteriae meningeae mediae cum lacrimali [NA];
anterior b. the anterior branch of the following: 1) great auricular nerve; 2) lateral cerebral sulcus; 3) left and right superior pulmonary veins; 4) medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm; 5) obturator artery; 6) obturator nerve; 7) renal artery; 8) right branch of portal vein; 9) right hepatic duct; 10) superior thyroid artery; 11) ulnar recurrent artery.ramus anterior [NA];
anterior auricular b.'s of superficial temporal artery distribution, auricle, earlobe and external acoustic meatus.rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis [NA];
anterior basal b. anterior basal b. of (1) basal parts of the inferior lobar b.'s of the right and left pulmonary arteries, and (2) superior basal b.'s of the right and left inferior pulmonary veins.ramus basalis anterior [NA];
anterior cutaneous b. of iliohypogastric nerve distribution, skin on pubis.ramus cutaneus anterior nervi iliohypogastrici [NA], genital b. of iliohypogastric nerve;
anterior cutaneous b.'s of intercostal nerves medial mammary b.'s of anterior cutaneous b.'s of ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves. See medial mammary b.'s.
anterior scrotal b.'s of external pudendal artery distribution, skin of anterior scrotum; anastomoses, posterior scrotal branches from internal pudendal artery.rami scrotales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae [NA];
anterior superior alveolar b.'s of infraorbital nerve the b.'s of the superior alveolar nerve that supply the incisors, canines, premolars, and first molar by their contributions to the superior dental plexus.rami alveolares superiores anteriores nervi infraorbitalis [NA];
anteromedial central b.'s branches of the anterior communicating artery which supply part of the hypothalamus.rami centrales anteromediales [NA];
apical b. the apical branch of the following: 1) superior lobar b.'s of left and right pulmonary arteries; 2) left superior pulmonary vein.ramus superior (2) [NA]; ramus apicalis [NA];
apical b. of inferior lobar branch of right pulmonary artery b. (of the inferior lobar branch) of the right pulmonary artery serving the apical segment of the inferior lobe of the right lung.ramus apicalis lobi inferioris arteriae pulmonalis dextrae [NA];
apicoposterior b. of left superior pulmonary vein drains apicoposterior bronchopulmonary segment of superior lobe of left lung.ramus apicoposterior venae pulmonalis sinistrae superioris [NA];
articular b.'s b.'s distributed to joints. Almost any vessel related to a joint will supply articular rami. Most joints receive articular b.'s from the intramuscular b.'s of the motor nerves innervating the muscles crossing the joint (see Hilton's law). At this printing, Nomina Anatomica, however, specifically recognizes only the articular b.'s of the descending genicular artery, ramus articulares arteriae descendentis genicularis [NA]; supplying the knee joint.rami articulares [NA], joint b.'s;
ascending b. a b. directed superiorly. Nomina Anatomica recognizes the ascending b. of the following: 1) deep circumflex iliac artery; 2) lateral cerebral sulcus; 3) lateral circumflex femoral artery.ramus ascendens [NA];
ascending anterior b. the ascending anterior b. of the superior lobar b.'s of the left and right pulmonary arteries.ramus anterior ascendens [NA];
ascending b. of the inferior mesenteric artery b. of the left colic artery (from inferior mesenteric artery) that passes anteriorly to the left kidney into the transverse mesocolon, where it anastomoses with the middle colic artery. It thus forms an anastomosis between superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, and is a component of the marginal artery (Drummond) of the colon.arteria ascendens (2), arteria intermesenterica;
ascending posterior b. the ascending posterior b. of the superior lobar branch of the right pulmonary artery.ramus posterior ascendens [NA];
atrial b.'s the atrial branches, the branches of the right coronary artery and the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery distributed to the right and left atrium, respectively.rami atriales [NA];
atrioventricular nodal b. artery to atrioventricular node
b. to atrioventricular node artery to atrioventricular node
auricular b. of occipital artery distribution, posterior auricle; anastomosis, posterior auricular artery.ramus auricularis arteriae occipitalis [NA];
auricular b. of vagus nerve a b. of the superior ganglion of the vagus, supplying the back of the pinna and the external acoustic meatus.ramus auricularis nervi vagi [NA], Arnold's nerve;
b. of auriculotemporal nerve to tympanic membrane sensory b. of the auriculotemporal nerve supplying the external surface of the tympanic membrane.ramus membranae tympani nervi auriculotemporalis [NA], nerve of tympanic membrane;
basal tentorial b. of internal carotid artery a small b. from the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery to the base of the tentorium.ramus basalis tentorii arteriae carotidis internae [NA];
buccal b.'s of facial nerve motor b.'s of the facial nerve distributed to buccina or muscle and other muscles of facial expression below orbit and above chin.rami buccales nervi facialis [NA];
calcarine b. of medial occipital artery b. of medial occipital artery which runs in relationship to the calcarine sulcus.ramus calcarinus arteriae occipitalis medialis [NA], arteria calcarina, calcarine artery;
capsular b.'s of renal artery b.'s arising from the renal artery outside of the kidney that are distributed to the renal capsule.rami capsulares arteriae renalis [NA];
carotid sinus b. carotid sinus nerve
caudate b.'s b.'s of transverse part of left branch of portal vein distributed to the caudate lobe before the vein enters the liver.rami caudati [NA];
cavernous b. of internal carotid artery a b. of the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery supplying the walls of the cavernous sinus.
cavernous sinus b. of internal carotid artery a number of small b.'s of the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery. See ganglionic b. of internal carotid artery, cavernous sinus b. of internal carotid artery, basal tentorial b. of internal carotid artery, marginal tentorial b. of internal carotid artery.ramus sinus cavernosi arteriae carotidis arteriae [NA], cavernous arteries;
celiac b.'s of vagus nerve terminal b.'s of the posterior vagal trunk conveying presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to-and visceral afferent fibers from-the celiac plexus.rami celiaci nervi vagi [NA];
cervical b. of facial nerve the most inferior b. of the parotid plexus of the facial nerve, it descends to innervate the platysma muscle.ramus colli nervi facialis [NA], ramus cervicalis nervi facialis;
choroid b.'s the choroid branches: ramus choroidei posteriores laterales [NA], lateral posterior choroid branches of posterior cerebral artery distributed to the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle; ramus choroidei posteriores mediales [NA], medial posterior choroid branches of posterior cerebral artery distributed to the choroid plexus of the third ventricle; ramus choroidei ventriculi lateralis [NA], lateral ventricle choroid branch of anterior choroid artery distributed to the plexus of the lateral ventricle; ramus choroidei ventriculi tertii [NA], third ventricle choroid branch of anterior choroid artery to the third ventricle; ramus choroidei ventriculi quarti [NA], fourth ventricle choroid branch of posterior inferior cerebellar artery.rami choroidei [NA];
circumflex b. of left coronary artery terminal b. (with anterior interventricular artery) of left coronary artery which runs to left and then posteriorly in the coronary groove supplying atrial and ventricular b.'s.ramus circumflexus arteriae coronariae sinistrae [NA];
clavicular b. of thoracoacromial artery distribution, subclavius muscle and sternoclavicular joint.ramus clavicularis arteriae thoracoacromialis [NA];
cochlear b. of labyrinthine artery terminal b. (with vestibular b.) of labyrinthine artery; it divides into multiple fine b.'s which penetrate canals of modiolus to supply the plexus of the spiral lamina and basilar membrane.ramus cochlearis arteriae labyrinthi [NA];
collateral b.'s of posterior intercostal arteries 3-11 b. arising near angle of rib and descending to run along superior border of rib below; distribution: lower half of intercostal spaces 3-11; anastomoses: collateral b.'s of anterior intercostal arteries.ramus collateralis arteriarum intercostalium posteriorum III-XI [NA];
communicating b. a bundle of nerve fibers passing from one named nerve to join another. The term "communicating branch" is used in the nervous system to replace the inadequate "anastomosing branch" used for vascular systems.ramus communicans [NA];
communicating b.'s of auriculotemporal nerve to facial nerve b.'s conveying fibers from the auriculotemporal nerve to the facial nerve.rami communicantes nervi auriculotemporalis cum nervo faciali [NA];
communicating b. of chorda tympani to lingual nerve terminal b. of chorda tympani joining the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa; conveys sensory fibers for taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue and presynaptic parasympathetic fibers destined for submandibular ganglion for innervation of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.ramus communicans cum chorda tympani (1) [NA];
communicating b. of facial nerve with glossopharyngeal nerve a small branch from the digastric branch of the facial nerve to the glossopharyngeal nerve.ramus communicans cum nervo glossopharyngeo (1) [NA], Haller's ansa;
communicating b. of facial nerve with tympanic plexus a fine b. of facial nerve joining the tympanic b. of the glossopharyngeal nerve.ramus communicans nervi facialis cum plexu tympanico [NA];
communicating b. of glossopharyngeal nerve with auricular branch of vagus nerve a small b. of the glossopharyngeal nerve which joins the auricular b. of the vagus, conveying tactile fibers.ramus communicans cum nervo glossopharyngeo (2) [NA], ramus communicans nervi glossopharyngei cum ramo auriculari nervi vagalis;
communicating b. of lacrimal nerve with zygomatic nerve nerve b. by which postsynaptic parasympathetic (secretomotor) fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion are transferred from the zygomatic nerve to the lacrimal nerve (heretofore purely sensory) for distribution to the lacrimal gland.ramus communicans nervi lacrimalis cum nervo zygomatico [NA];
communicating b.'s of lingual nerve to hypoglossal nerve communicating b.'s between the lingual nerve (from mandibular nerve) and hypoglossal nerve forming a plexus on the hypoglossus muscle.rami communicantes nervi lingualis cum nervo hypoglosso [NA];
communicating b. of median nerve with ulnar nerve b. of median nerve joining the ulnar nerve in the hand; the anterior interosseous b. of the median nerve may also communicate with the ulnar nerve in the proximal forearm.ramus communicans nervi mediani cum nervo ulnari [NA];
communicating b. of otic ganglion to auriculotemporal nerve a b. of the otic ganglion joining the roots of the auriculotemporal nerve to convey postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland.ramus communicans ganglii otici cum nervo auriculotemporali [NA];
communicating b. of otic ganglion to chorda tympani a small b. of the otic ganglion conveying sensory fibers to the chorda tympani.ramus communicans cum chorda tympani (2) [NA];
communicating b. of otic ganglion with medial pterygoid nerve b. of otic ganglion joining the nerve to the medial pterygoid muscle.ramus communicans ganglii otici cum nervo pterygoideo mediali [NA];
communicating b. of otic ganglion with meningeal branch of mandibular nerve a b. of otic ganglion to the meningeal branch of mandibular nerve conveying postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers which run back to the main stem of the mandibular nerve for distribution to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve.ramus communicans ganglii otici cum ramo meningeo nervi mandibularis [NA];
communicating b. of peroneal artery the communicating branch of the peroneal (fibular) artery.ramus communicans arteriae fibularis [NA], ramus communicans arteriae peroneae;
communicating b.'s of spinal nerves white rami communicantes, under ramus
communicating b. of superior laryngeal nerve with recurrent laryngeal nerve b. of internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve communicating with the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the wall of the laryngopharynx supplying sensory fibers to the latter.ramus communicans nervi laryngei recurrentis cum ramo laryngeo interno [NA], ramus communicans nervi laryngei superioris cum nervo laryngeo recurrenti [NA], Galen's anastomosis, Galen's nerve;
communicating b.'s of sympathetic trunk gray rami communicantes, under ramus
cutaneous b. of obturator nerve b. of the anterior branch of obturator nerve supplying skin of medial thigh above knee.ramus cutaneus rami anterioris nervi obturatorii [NA];
deep b. b. which passes deeply, beneath, or farther from surface; usually in contrast to a superficial b.ramus profundus [NA];
deep b. of the lateral plantar nerve motor b. of lateral plantar nerve supplying lumbricals 2-4, plantar and dorsal interossei, and the adductor hallucis muscles.ramus profundus nervi plantaris lateralis [NA];
deep b. of the medial femoral circumflex artery distributed to posterior aspect of femoral head and neck.ramus profundus arteriae circumflexae femoris medialis [NA];
deep b. of the medial plantar artery b. running deep to abductor hallucis, supplying it and the flexor hallucis brevis muscle deep to the artery and the skin of the medial side of the distal foot.rami profundi arteriae circumflexae femoris medialis [NA];
deep palmar b. of ulnar artery b. of the ulnar artery which supplies the hypothenar muscles then passes deep into the palm to the flexor tendons and anastomoses with the deep palmar arch from the radial artery.ramus palmaris profundus arteriae ulnaris [NA];
deep plantar b. of dorsalis pedis artery deep plantar b. of arcuate artery or its first metatarsal artery b. which penetrates the foot between first and second metatarsal bones to anastomose with the termination of the plantar arterial arch.ramus plantaris profundus arteriae dorsalis pedis [NA];
deep b. of the radial nerve posterior interosseous nerve
deep b. of the transverse cervical artery dorsal scapular artery
deep b. of the ulnar nerve accompanies deep palmar b. of ulnar artery and deep palmar arch to supply wrist joint, lumbricals 3 & 4, palmar and dorsal interossei adductor pollicis and deep head of flexor pollicis brevis muscles.ramus profundus nervi ulnaris [NA];
deltoid b. b.'s related to the deltoid muscle. Nomina Anatomica lists deltoid b.'s of the following: 1) thoracoacromial artery, ramus deltoideus arteriae thoracoacromialis [NA]; 2) profunda brachii artery, ramus deltoideus arteriae profundae brachii [NA].ramus deltoideus [NA];
dental b.'s b.'s to the teeth. Nomina Anatomica lists dental b.'s of the following: 1) anterior superior alveolar artery, rami dentales arteriarum alveolarium superiorum anteriorum [NA]; 2) inferior alveolar artery, rami dentales arteriae alveolaris inferioris [NA]; 3) inferior dental plexus, rami dentales inferiores plexus dentalis inferioris [NA]; 4) posterior superior alveolar artery, rami dentales arteriae alveolaris superioris posterioris [NA]; 5) superior dental plexus, rami dentales superiores plexus dentalis superioris [NA].rami dentales [NA], dental rami;
descending b. b. of an artery or nerve passing inferiorly. Descending b.'s have been described for the following: (1) descending b. of hypoglossal nerve, superior root of ansa cervicalis; (2) descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery; (3) descending b. of the occipital artery.ramus descendens [NA];
descending anterior b. the descending anterior b. of the superior lobar b.'s of the right and left pulmonry arteries.ramus anterior descendens [NA];
descending b. of hypoglossal nerve superior root of ansa cervicalis
descending b. of lateral circumflex femoral artery a major b. of the lateral circumflex femoral artery accompanying the nerve to the vastus lateralis muscle along the anterior border of that muscle and deep to the rectus femoris muscle, supplying both muscles. Anastomosis: with lateral superior genicular artery, i.e., it contributes to the articular network of the knee.ramus descendens arteriae circumflexae femoris lateralis [NA];
descending b. of occipital artery origin: occipital artery within occipital groove; distribution: posterior neck muscles and cervical trapezius muscle; anastomoses: superficial and deep cervical arteries, vertebral artery.ramus descendens arteriae occipitalis [NA], princeps cervicis artery, princeps cervicis;
descending posterior b. the descending posterior b. of the superior lobar b. of the right pulmonary artery.ramus posterior descendens [NA];
digastric b. of facial nerve b. of the facial nerve innervating the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.ramus digastricus nervi facialis [NA];
dorsal b. 1. dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve 2. posteriorly-directed b.'s.
dorsal carpal b. of radial artery a b. of the radial artery that passes to the back of the wrist to join the dorsal carpal network.ramus carpalis dorsalis arteriae radialis, ramus carpeus dorsalis arteriae radialis;
dorsal carpal b. of ulnar artery a b. of the ulnar artery that passes to the dorsal side of the carpus to enter the dorsal carpal network.ramus carpeus dorsalis arteriae ulnaris [NA], ramus carpalis dorsalis arteriae ulnaris;
dorsal lingual b.'s of lingual artery b.'s of the lingual artery to the posterior third or root of tongue.rami dorsales linguae arteriae lingualis [NA];
dorsal b. of the lumbar artery terminal b. (with ventral b.) of the 4-5 lumbar arteries, distributed to lumbar portion of back, posterior vertebral column, and spinal cord and environs.ramus dorsalis arteriae lumbalium [NA];
dorsal b. of the posterior intercostal arteries 3-11 terminal b. (with ventral b.) of the 3rd through 11th posterior intercostal arteries, distributed to thoracic portion of posterior vertebral column, spinal cord and environs, and back.ramus dorsalis arteriarum intercostalium posteriorum III-XI [NA];
dorsal b. of the posterior intercostal veins 4-11 major tributary of the 4th through 11th posterior intercostal veins; area drained is the same as that supplied by the dorsal b. of posterior intercostal arteries.ramus dorsalis venarum intercostalium posteriorum IV-XI [NA];
dorsal b. of the subcostal artery terminal b. (with ventral b.) of subcostal artery, distributed to posterior vertebral column, spinal cord and environs, and back at the T12-L1 vertebral level.rami dorsales arteriae subcostalis [NA];
dorsal b. of the superior intercostal artery b.'s of the 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries which arise as b.'s of the supreme intercostal artery. The distribution is the same as for the dorsal b.'s of the other posterior intercostal arteries at the T1-T2 vertebral level.rami dorsales arteriae intercostalis supremae [NA];
dorsal b. of the ulnar nerve b. arising from the ulnar nerve proximal to the wrist for distribution to the medial side of the dorsum of the hand and proximal portion of the little finger and medial side of ring finger.rami dorsales nervi ulnaris [NA];
duodoneal b.'s of superior pancreaticoduodenal artery b.'s arising from both the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries for distribution to first and second parts of the duodenum.rami duodenales arteriae pancreaticoduodenalis superioris [NA];
epiploic b.'s b.'s to the greater omentum; epiploic b.'s arise from the left and right gastroepiploic arteries (rami omentales arteriae gastro-omentalis sinistrae et dextrae [NA]) opposite the gastric b.'s (rami gastrici [NA]) along the greater curvature of the stomach.rami omentales [NA], omental b.'s, rami epiploicae;
esophageal b.'s b.'s to the esophagus.rami esophageales [NA], rami esophagei [NA];
esophageal b.'s of the inferior thyroid artery distribution: upper one-quarter of esophagus; anastomosis: esophageal b.'s of thoracic aorta.rami esophageales arteriae thyroideae inferioris [NA];
esophageal b.'s of the left gastric artery ascends through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm to supply lowermost (cardiac) esophagus; anastomosis: esophageal b.'s of thoracic aorta.rami esophageales arteriae gastricae sinistrae [NA];
esophageal b.'s of the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply motor and sensory fibers to cervical esophagus on right side and to cervical and upper thoracic esophagus on left.rami esophagei nervi laryngei recurrentis [NA];
esophageal b.'s of the thoracic aorta b.'s arising directly from the anterior aspect of the portion of the thoracic aorta adjacent to the esophagus, by which most of the esophagus is supplied.rami esophageales aortae thoracicae [NA];
esophageal b.'s of the vagus nerve includes both b.'s passing directly from vagi and the b.'s from the recurrent laryngeal nerves that form the esophageal nerve plexus which surrounds esophagus, supplying it and adjacent portions of the pericardium.rami esophagei nervi vagi [NA];
external b. of accessory nerve portion of the accessory nerve trunk which exits independently from the jugular foramen, carrying fibers from the spinal root of the accessory nerve to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle.
external nasal b.'s b.'s to external aspect of nose. The external nasal branches of 1) infraorbital nerve, rami nasales externii nervi infraorbitalis [NA], 2) nasociliary nerve, rami nasales externi nervi ethmoidalis anterioris [NA].rami nasales externi [NA];
external b. of superior laryngeal nerve terminal b. of superior laryngeal nerve (with internal laryngeal nerve) supplying motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle.ramus externus nervi laryngei superioris [NA];
faucial b.'s of lingual nerve the faucial b.'s, b.'s to the isthmus of the fauces from the lingual nerve.rami isthmi faucium nervi lingualis [NA], rami fauciales nervi lingualis [NA];
femoral b. of genitofemoral nerve b. of genitofemoral nerve distributed to skin of uppermost part of anterior thigh.ramus femoralis nervi genitofemoralis [NA];
frontal b. of superficial temporal artery terminal b. of superficial temporal artery (with parietal b.) supplying anterolateral scalp and underlying musculature, periosteum, and outer table of cranium; anastomosis: across midline with contralateral partner; supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries.ramus frontalis arteriae temporalis superficialis [NA];
ganglionic b. of internal carotid artery b. to trigeminal ganglion; a small b. of the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery to the trigeminal ganglion.ramus ganglii trigeminalis [NA];
ganglionic b.'s of lingual nerve motor roots of submandibular ganglion; communicating b.'s between submandibular ganglion and lingual nerve.rami communicantes ganglii submandibularis cum nervo linguali [NA], motor roots of submandibular ganglion;
ganglionic b.'s of maxillary nerve the ganglionic branches, two short sensory branches of the maxillary nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa, the fibers of which pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapse.radix sensoria ganglii pterygopalatini [NA], rami ganglionici nervi maxillaris [NA], rami ganglionares [NA], nervi pterygopalatini, nervi sphenopalatini, pterygopalatine nerves, sensory root of pterygopalatine ganglion;
gastric b.'s of anterior vagal trunk anterior gastric b.'s of the vagus; b.'s of the anterior vagal trunk to the anterior surface of the stomach.rami gastrici anteriores nervi vagi [NA];
gastric b.'s of posterior vagal b. posterior gastric b.'s; b.'s of the posterior vagal trunk to the posterior surface of the stomach.rami gastrici posteriores nervi vagi [NA];
genital b. of genitofemoral nerve b. of genitofemoral nerve distributed to skin of anterior scrotum (male) or labia majora (female) and adjacent thigh and supplying a motor b. to the cremaster muscle. Usually passes through deep inguinal ring and canal.ramus genitalis nervi genitofemoralis [NA], external spermatic nerve, nervus spermaticus externus;
genital b. of iliohypogastric nerve anterior cutaneous b. of iliohypogastric nerve
glandular b.'s b.'s distributed to glands.rami glandulares [NA];
glandular b.'s of anterior/lateral/posterior branches of superior thyroid artery b.'s of the branches of the superior thyroid artery to the thyroid gland.ramus glandulares anterior/lateralis/posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris [NA];
glandular b.'s of facial artery b.'s of facial artery to the submandibular gland.rami glandulares arteriae facialis [NA];
glandular b.'s of inferior thyroid artery b.'s of inferior thyroid artery to thyroid and parathyroid glands, anastomosing with b.'s of superior thyroid artery.rami glandulares arteriae thyroideae inferioris [NA];
glandular b.'s of submandibular ganglion b.'s of submandibular ganglion conveying postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands.rami ganglii submandibularis [NA], rami glandulares ganglii submandibularis [NA];
b. of glossopharyngeal nerve to stylopharyngeus muscle sole motor b. of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the stylopharyngeus muscle.ramus musculi stylopharyngei nervi glossopharyngei [NA];
hepatic b.'s of vagus nerve b.'s of the anterior and posterior vagal trunks distributed to the liver.rami hepatici nervi vagi [NA];
iliac b. of iliolumbar artery terminal b. of iliolumbar artery (with lumbar b.) distributed to iliac fossa to supply iliac muscle, ilium, and portions of muscles having attachment to the iliac crest.ramus iliacus arteriae iliolumbalis [NA];
inferior b. a b. directed downward (caudally) or which is lowly-placed, usually in contrast with another b. (superior b.) which is directed upward (rostrally) or is highly-placed.ramus inferior [NA];
inferior cervical cardiac b.'s of vagus nerve the most inferior of the cervical b.'s of vagus nerve conducting presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to, and reflex afferent fibers from, the cardiac plexus; branching from the vagi at root of neck.rami cardiaci cervicales inferiores nervi vagi [NA];
inferior dental b.'s of inferior dental plexus b.'s passing from the inferior dental plexus to the roots of the teeth of the lower jaw.rami dentales inferiores plexus dentalis inferioris [NA];
inferior gingival b.'s of inferior dental plexus b.'s of inferior dental plexus to the gingiva of the lower jaw.rami gingivales inferiores plexus dentalis inferioris [NA];
inferior labial b.'s of mental nerve b.'s of mental nerve to lower lip.rami labiales inferiores nervi mentalis [NA];
inferior lingular b. of lingular branch of left pulmonary artery b. (of the lingular b.) of the left pulmonary artery serving the inferior lingular segment of the superior lobe of the left lung.ramus lingularis inferior [NA];
inferior b. of oculomotor nerve b. of oculomotor nerve providing motor b.'s to medial and inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles and carrying presynaptic parasympathetic fibers which pass to the ciliary ganglion via the parasympathetic root.ramus inferior nervi oculomotorii [NA];
inferior b. of pubic bone ramus inferior ossis pubis [NA]; See ischiopubic ramus.
inferior b. of superior gluteal artery distribution: gluteus medius and minimus muscles; anastomosis: lateral circumflex femoral artery.ramus inferior arteriae gluteae superioris [NA];
inferior b.'s of transverse cervical nerve b. of transverse cervical nerve providing cutaneous innervation in lower part of anterior triangle of neck.rami inferiores nervi transversi cervicalis [colli] [NA];
infrahyoid b. of superior thyroid artery small b. from the initial part of the superior thyroid artery coursing along the hyoid bone deep to the thyrohyoid muscle to anastomose with its contralateral partner.ramus infrahyoideus arteriae thyroidea superioris [NA];
infrapatellar b. of saphenous nerve b. of saphenous nerve supplying skin over and below patella.ramus infrapatellaris nervi sapheni [NA];
inguinal b.'s of external pudendal arteries b.'s to the inguinal region which may arise as b.'s of external pudendal arteries or as direct b.'s of the femoral artery. Supply skin and subcutaneous tissues, including inguinal lymph nodes.rami inguinales arteriae pudendae externae [NA];
internal b. of accessory nerve b. of the accessory nerve trunk which carries fibers from the cranial root and which unites with the vagus nerve in the jugular foramen. See also accessory nerve.ramus internus nervi accessorii [NA], internal ramus of accessory nerve;
internal nasal b.'s b.'s to nasal cavity. Internal nasal branches of 1) infraorbital nerve (rami nasales interni nervi infraorbitalis [NA]); 2) nasociliary nerve (rami nasales interni nervi ethmoidalis anterioris [NA]).rami nasales interni [NA];
internal b. of superior laryngeal nerve terminal b. of superior laryngeal nerve (with external b.) conveying sensory fibers to the supraglottic larynx.ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris [NA];
joint b.'s articular b.'s
laryngopharyngeal b.'s of superior cervical ganglion b.'s conveying postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion to the pharyngeal plexus.rami laryngopharyngei ganglii cervicalis superioris [NA];
lateral b.'s b.'s directed away from the midline, to the side. Nomina Anatomica lists lateral b.'s (ramus lasteralis/rami laterales) of the following: 1) anterior interventricular artery, ramus lateralis interventricularis anterioris arteriae coronariae sinistrae [NA]; 2) anterolateral central arteries, rami laterales arteriarum centralium anterolateralium [NA]; 3) dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves, rami laterales ramorum dorsalium nervorum cervicalium/thoracalium/lumbalium/sacralium; 4) left b. of portal vein, rami laterales rami sinistri venae portae hepatis [NA]; 5) left hepatic duct, ramus lateralis ductus hepatici sinistri [NA]; 6) middle lobe b. of right pulmonary artery, ramus lateralis ramorum lobarium medium arteriorum pulmonarium dextrum [NA]; 7) supraorbital nerve, ramus lateralis nervi supraorbitalis [NA].rami laterales [NA];
lateral basal b. lateral basal b. of the following: 1) basal part of inferior lobar b. of right pulmonary artery; 2) basal part of inferior lobar b. of left pulmonary artery.ramus basalis lateralis [NA];
lateral calcaneal b.'s of sural nerve b.'s of sural nerve providing cutaneous innervation to posterior aspect of distal leg and lateral aspect of proximal portion of foot.rami calcanei laterales nervi suralis [NA];
lateral costal b. of internal thoracic artery a variable b. of internal thoracic artery that runs lateral and parallel to the internal thoracic artery on the deep surface of the rib cage; anastomosis: posterior intercostal arteries.ramus costalis lateralis arteriae thoracicae internae [NA];
lateral cutaneous b. lateral cutaneous b.'s of the following: 1) iliohypogastric nerve, ramus cutaneus lateralis nervi iliohypogastrici [NA]; 2) dorsal branch of thoracic nerves, ramus lateralis ramorum dorsalium nervorum thoracicorum [NA]; 3) dorsal branch of posterior intercostal arteries, ramus cutaneos lateralis ramorum posteriorum arterieae intercostalium [NA].ramus cutaneus lateralis [NA];
lateral cutaneous b.'s of intercostal nerves lateral cutaneous b.'s of ventral primary ramus of thoracic spinal nerves
lateral cutaneous b.'s of ventral primary ramus of thoracic spinal nerves b.'s arising in approximately the anterior axillary line at the level of the second through sixth intercostal spaces.rami mammarii laterales nervorum intercostalium, lateral cutaneous b.'s of intercostal nerves;
lateral mammary b.'s b.'s primarily distributed to the lateral portion of the breast.rami mammarii laterales [NA];
lateral mammary b.'s of lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves lateral mammary b.'s of lateral cutaneous branches of thoracic spinal nerves
lateral mammary b.'s of lateral cutaneous branches of thoracic spinal nerves b.'s arising from the lateral cutaneous b.'s of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves (intercostal nerves) T-3 to T-6 which run anteriorly to supply the lateral aspect of the breast.rami mammarii laterales rami cutanei lateralis nervorum thoracicorum [NA], rami mammarii laterales rami cutanei lateralis nervorum intercostalium, lateral mammary b.'s of lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves;
lateral mammary b.'s of lateral thoracic artery b.'s of the lateral thoracic artery which extend around the lateral borders of the pectoral muscles to supply the lateral aspect of the breast and mammary gland.rami mammarii laterales arteriae thoracicae lateralis [NA];
lateral nasal b.'s of anterior ethmoidal nerve b.'s of nasociliary nerve distributed to walls of nasal cavity.rami nasales laterales nervi ethmoidalis anterioris [NA];
lateral orbitofrontal b. lateral frontobasal artery
left b. of a pair of b.'s, the b. passing to the left side of the body, to the left member of a bilateral pair of structures, or to the left portion of an unpaired structure; the other member of the pair being a right b.ramus sinister [NA];
lingual b.'s b.'s to the tongue. Nomina Anatomica lists lingual b.'s of 1) hypoglossal nerve, rami linguales nervi hypoglossi [NA]; 2) lingual nerve, rami linguales nervi lingualis [NA]; 3) glossopharyngeal nerve, rami linguales nervi glossopharyngei [NA].rami linguales [NA];
lingual b. of facial nerve lingual b. (inconstant) of the stylohyoid b. of the facial nerve.ramus lingularis nervi facialis [NA];
lingular b. the lingular branch of 1) superior lobar b. of left pulmonary artery; 2) left superior pulmonary vein.ramus lingualis [NA];
lumbar b. of iliolumbar artery terminal b. of iliolumbar artery (with iliac b.) which ascends to supply psoas major and quadratus lumborum muscles; anastomosis: fourth lumbar artery.ramus lumbalis arteriae iliolumbalis [NA];
mammary b.'s See lateral mammary b.'s, medial mammary b.'s.
marginal mandibular b. of facial nerve b. of facial nerve which parallels the mandibular margin innervating risorius muscle and muscles of lower lip and chin.ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis [NA];
marginal tentorial b. of internal carotid artery a small b. from the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery to the free margin of the tentorium.ramus marginalis tentorii arteriae carotidis internae [NA];
mastoid b. of occipital artery mastoid artery
mastoid b.'s of posterior auricular artery b.'s from stylomastoid b. of posterior auricular artery arising within the facial canal, distributed to the mastoid air cells.rami mastoidei arteriae auricularis posterioris [NA];
medial b.'s b.'s directed toward the midline, to the middle. Nomina Anatomica lists medial b.'s (ramus lateralis/rami mediales) of the following: 1) anterolateral central arteries, rami mediales arteriarum centralium anterolateralium [NA]; 2) dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves, rami medialis ramorum dorsalium nervorum cervicalium/thoracicalium/lumbalium/sacralium; 3) left b. of portal vein, rami mediales rami sinistri venae portae hepatis [NA]; 4) left hepatic duct, ramus medialis ductus hepatici sinistri [NA]; 5) middle lobar b. of right pulmonary artery, ramus medialis ramorum lobarium medium arteriorum pulmonarium dextrum [NA]; 6) supraorbital nerve, ramus medialis nervi supraorbitalis [NA].rami mediales [NA];
medial basal b. of pulmonary artery a b. of the basal part of inferior lobar b.'s of the left and right pulmonary arteries.ramus basalis medialis [NA];
medial calcaneal b.'s of tibial nerve cutaneous b.'s of tibial nerve distributed to the inferior and medial heel.rami calcanei mediales nervi tibialis [NA];
medial crural cutaneous b.'s of saphenous nerve b.'s of saphenous nerve distributed to the skin of the medial side of the leg.rami cutanei cruris mediales nervi sapheni [NA];
medial cutaneous b. Nomina Anatomica lists medial cutaneous b.'s of the following: 1) dorsal branch of thoracic nerves, ramus cutaneus medialis ramorum dorsalium nervorum thoracicorum [NA]; 2) dorsal branch of posterior intercostal arteries, ramus cutaneus medialis rami dorsalis arteriarum intercostalium posteriorum III-XI [NA].ramus cutaneus medialis [NA];
medial mammary b.'s b.'s primarily distributed to the medial portion of the breast. Nomina Anatomica lists medial mammary b.'s (rami mammarii mediales...) of the following: 1) anterior cutaneous b.'s of ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves (...rami cutanei anterioris ramorum ventralium nervorum thoracicorum [NA]; also known as anterior cutaneous b.'s of intercostal nerves (...rami cutanei anterioris nervorum intercostalium); nerve b.'s accompanying the perforating b.'s of internal thoracic artery. 2) perforating b.'s of internal thoracic artery (...rami perforantes arteriae thoracicae internae [NA]).rami mammarii mediales [NA];
medial nasal b.'s of anterior ethmoidal nerve b.'s of nasociliary nerve distributed to the nasal septum.rami nasales mediales nervi ethmoidalis anterioris [NA];
mediastinal b.'s b.'s distributed to the mediastinum.rami mediastinales [NA], arteriae mediastinales anteriores, mediastinal arteries;
mediastinal b.'s of internal thoracic artery small twigs supplying anterior mediastinal structures: mainly thymus and lymph nodes.rami mediastinales arteriae thoracicae internae [NA], rami thymici [NA], anterior mediastinal arteries, arteriae thymicae, thymic arteries;
mediastinal b.'s of thoracic aorta numerous small arteries supplying the pleura and lymph nodes of the posterior mediastinum.rami mediastinales aortae thoracicae [NA], posterior mediastinal arteries;
meningeal b.'s b.'s of vessels or nerves distributed to the coverings of the brain and spinal cord.rami meningei;
meningeal b. of internal carotid artery a b. from the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery to the meninges of the anterior cranial fossa.ramus meningeus arteriae carotidis internae;
meningeal b. of mandibular nerve a recurrent b. of the mandibular nerve that passes superiorly through foramen spinosum to be distributed with the posterior division of the middle meningeal artery to the meninges of the posterior portion of the middle cranial fossa.ramus meningeus nervi mandibularis [NA], nervus spinosus;
meningeal b. of occipital artery one of the variable b.'s of the occipital artery which may pass through the jugular or parietal foramina or condyloid canal to reach the dura mater and bone of the posterior cranial fossa, as well as the intracranial portions of the caudal four cranial neres.ramus meningeus arteriae occipitalis [NA];
meningeal b. of ophthalmic nerve See tentorial nerve.
meningeal b. of spinal nerves a b. from the initial (mixed) part of each spinal nerve passing in a recurrent fashion back through the intervertebral foramen to supply spinal meninges, the posterior longitudinal ligament, posterolateral periphery of the intervertebral disc, and periosteum of the vertebrae.ramus meningeus nervorum spinalium [NA], recurrent meningeal b. of spinal nerves, sinuvertebral nerves;
meningeal b. of vagus nerve a b. of the superior ganglion of the vagus supplying the meninges of the posterior cranial fossa.ramus meningeus nervi vagi [NA];
mental b.'s of mental nerve mental branches of mental nerve.rami mentales nervi mentalis [NA];
middle lobe b. middle lobe branch of 1) the right pulmonary artery (arteriae pulmonalis dextrae [NA]); 2) the right superior pulmonary vein (venae pulmonalis dextrae superior [NA]).ramus lobi medii [NA];
middle meningeal b. of maxillary nerve recurrent b. of maxillary nerve distributed with the anterior b. of the middle meningeal arteyr to the meninges of the anterior portion of the middle cranial fossa.ramus meningeus medius nervi maxillaris [NA], middle meningeal nerve;
middle superior alveolar b. of infraorbital nerve the middle superior alveolar branch, a branch of the superior alveolar nerve that contributes to the superior dental plexus.ramus alveolaris superior medius nervi infraorbitalis [NA];
muscular b.'s usually unnamed b.'s of nerves or vessels that supply the muscles.rami musculares [NA];
occipital b. Nomina Anatomica lists occipital b.'s of 1) posterior auricular artery (rami occipitalis arteriae auricularis posterior [NA]; 2) posterior auricular nerve (rami occipitalis nervi auricularis posterioris [NA]; and 3) occipital artery, rami occipitales arteriae occipitis [NA].ramus occipitalis [NA];
omental b.'s epiploic b.'s
orbital b. of middle meningeal artery b. of middle meningeal artery traversing superior orbital fissure and running toward lacrimal gland. See anastomotic b. of middle meningeal artery to lacrimal artery.ramus orbitalis arteriae meningeae mediae [NA];
orbital b.'s of pterygopalatine ganglion b.'s of pterygopalatine ganglion traversing inferior orbital fissure, distributed in orbit to periorbita and mucosa of ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses.ramus orbitalis ganglii pterygopalatini [NA];
ovarian b. of uterine artery terminal b. of uterine artery (with tubal b.) which runs through mesovarium supplying ovary from medial aspect and anastomosing with ovarian b. of ovarian artery.ramus ovaricus arteriae uterinae [NA];
palmar carpal b. of radial artery a small b. of the radial artery that passes medially across the wrist to supply the carpal joints; it anastomoses with the anterior carpal branch of the ulnar artery.ramus carpalis palmaris arteriae radialis, ramus carpeus palmaris arteriae radialis;
palmar carpal b. of ulnar artery a b. of the ulnar artery that supplies the carpal joints and communicates with the anterior carpal branch of the radial artery.ramus carpalis palmaris arteriae ulnaris, ramus carpeus palmaris arteriae ulnaris;
palmar b. of median nerve b. of median nerve arising proximal to flexor retinaculum and running superficial to it to supply skin of proximal central palm and thenar eminence. Since it does not traverse carpal tunnel, it is not affected by carpal tunnel syndrome, even though it supplies skin distal to carpal tunnel.ramus palmaris nervi mediani [NA];
palmar b. of ulnar nerve b. of ulnar nerve arising in distal forearm and accompanying palmar artery into hand where it supplies skin of little finger and medial half of ring finger and adjacent parts of palm.ramus palmaris nervi ulnaris [NA];
palpebral b.'s of infratrochlear nerve b.'s of infratrochlear nerve supplying skin of medial aspects of upper and lower eyelids.rami palpebrales nervi infratrochlearis [NA];
pancreatic b.'s b.'s to the pancreas. Nomina Anatomica lists pancreatic b.'s of 1) splenic artery, rami pancreatici arteriae splenicae [NA]; 2) superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, rami pancreatici arteriae pancreaticoduodenalis superioris [NA].rami pancreatici [NA];
parietal b. 1. b.'s coursing in relationship to and supplying the parietal bone or parietal lobe of cerebrum; 2. b.'s distributed to the body wall and limbs (the "parities") as opposed to visceral b.'s distributed to the body cavities. For example, the gray rami communicantes are the parietal b.'s of the sympathetic trunks (vs. the splanchnic nerves, which are visceral b.'s of the trunks).rami parietales [NA];
parietal b. of medial occipital artery an anterior b. of the medial occipital artery supplying the posterior section of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum.ramus parietalis arteriae occipitalis medialis [NA];
parietal b. of middle meningeal artery smaller terminal b. (with frontal b.) of middle meningeal artery supplying posterior portion of lateral and superior dura and cranium.ramus parietalis arteriae meningeae mediae [NA];
parietal b. of superficial temporal artery b.'s coursing in relationship to and/or supplying the parietal lobe of the brain.ramus parietalis arteriae temporalis superficialis [NA];
parotid b.'s b.'s to parotid gland; Nomina Anatomica lists parotid branches of 1) auriculotemporal nerve (rami parotidei nervi auriculotemporalis [NA]; 2) facial vein, rami parotidei venae facialis [NA]; 3) superficial temporal artery, ramus arteriae temporalis superficialis [NA].rami parotidei [NA];
pectoral and abdominal anterior cutaneous b. of intercostal nerves thoracoabdominal nerves, under nerve
pectoral b.'s of thoracoacromial artery pectoral branches of thoracoacromial artery.rami pectorales arteriae thoracoacromialis [NA];
perforating b.'s arterial b.'s which penetrate a wall or pass from the anterior to the posterior aspect or compartment of a structure such as the hand or foot to anastomose or be distributed.ramus perforans [NA], perforating peroneal artery;
perforating b.'s of internal thoracic artery small b.'s of the internal thoracic artery running between the costal cartilages to supply overlying skin and subcutaneous tissues.ramus perforantes arteriae thoracicae internae [NA], perforating arteries of internal mammary;
perforating b.'s of palmar metacarpal arteries the perforating b.'s of the palmar metacarpal arteries, three small arteries that pass dorsally through the second, third, and fourth interosseous spaces of the hand from the palmar metacarpal arteries.ramus perforantes arteriarum metacarpalium palmarium [NA], perforating arteries of hand;
perforating b. of peroneal artery the b. of the peroneal artery that perforates the interosseous membrane just above the anterior tibiofibular ligament.ramus perforans arteriae fibularis [NA];
perforating b.'s of plantar metatarsal arteries the perforating b.'s of the plantar metatarsal arteries, three small arteries that pass dorsally through the second, third, and fourth interosseous spaces of the foot from the plantar metatarsal arteries.ramus perforantes arteriarum metatarsearum plantarium [NA], perforating arteries of foot;
pericardial b. of phrenic nerve one of the b.'s of phrenic nerve distributed to the pericardium and adjacent mediastial parietal pleura.ramus pericardiacus nervi phrenici [NA];
pericardial b.'s of thoracic aorta small b.'s of thoracic aorta distributed to the pericardium, in the region of the oblique pericardial sinus, and to posterior mediastinal lymph nodes.rami pericardiaci aortae thoracicae [NA];
perineal b.'s of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve b.'s of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve which convey sensory fibers to the skin of the lateral-most perineum and adjacent portions of the upper medial thigh.rami perineales nervi cutanei femoris posterioris [NA];
peroneal communicating b. the peroneal (fibular) communicating branch of the common peroneal (fibular) nerve; it arises from the common peroneal nerve in the popliteal space and passes over the lateral head of the gastrocnemius to the middle third of the leg, where it unites with the medial sural cutaneous nerve to form the sural nerve.ramus communicans fibularis nervi fibularis communis [NA], ramus communicans peroneus nervi peronei communis [NA], nervus communicans fibularis, nervus communicans peroneus, peroneal anastomotic ramus, peroneal communicating nerve;
petrosal b. of middle meningeal artery petrous b. of middle meningeal artery; first intracranial b. of middle meningeal artery; anastomosis: stylomastoid artery via hiatus of facial canal.ramus petrosus arteriae meningeae mediae [NA];
pharyngeal b.'s b.'s to the pharynx.pharyngei [NA], rami pharyngeales [NA];
pharyngeal b. of the artery of pterygoid canal distributed to uppermost nasopharynx (pharyngeal recesses).ramus pharyngeus arteriae canalis pterygoidei [NA];
pharyngeal b. of the ascending pharyngeal artery distribution: walls of oro- and nasopharynx.rami pharyngeales arteriae pharyngeae ascendentis [NA];
pharyngeal b. of descending palatine artery may arise as a separate b. or as a continuation of lesser palatine artery.ramus pharyngeus arteriae palatini descendens [NA];
pharyngeal b. of glossopharyngeal nerve conveys general sensory fibers to the mucosa of the oropharynx via the pharyngeal plexus.rami pharyngei nervi glossopharyngei [NA];
pharyngeal b. of inferior thyroid artery distributed to laryngopharynx.rami pharyngeales arteriae thyroideae inferioris [NA];
pharyngeal b. of pterygopalatine ganglion b. of pterygopalatine ganglion passing posteriorly through pharyngeal canal to supply postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers to mucus glands of nasopharynx.ramus pharyngeus ganglii pterygopalatini [NA], Bock's nerve;
pharyngeal b. of vagus nerve conveys motor fibers from the cranial root of the accessory nerve to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the intrinsic muscles of the soft palate and the levator palati muscle; may also bring some general sensory fibers to the pharyngeal plexus.rami pharyngei nervi vagi [NA];
phrenicoabdominal b.'s of phrenic nerve terminal b.'s of phrenic nerve providing motor innervation of diaphragm and sensory innervation to the diaphragm and the diaphragmatic pleura and peritoneum.rami phrenicoabdominales nervi phrenici [NA];
posterior b.'s b.'s directed dorsally or backward.rami posteriores [NA];
posterior basal b. posterior basal b. of the basal part of the inferior lobar b. of the left and right pulmonary arteries.ramus basalis posterior [NA];
posterior b. of great auricular nerve provides general sensory fibers to skin of posterior auricle and over mastoid process.ramus posterior nervi auricularis magni [NA];
posterior inferior nasal b.'s of greater palatine nerve b. of greater palatine nerve to posterior inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity, including posterior aspect of mucosa over posterior portion of inferior nasal concha and meatus; may arise independently from pterygopalatine ganglion.rami nasales posteriores inferiores nervi palatini majoris [NA];
posterior b. of inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery the more dorsal of the two b.'s into which the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery bifurcates; supplies uncinate process and head of pancreas, as well as the third and fourth parts of the duodenum; anastomoses with the posterior branch of the superior pancreaticuduodenal artery.ramus posterior arteriae pancreaticoduodenalis inferioris [NA];
posterior b. of lateral cerebral sulcus the long, posteriorly-directed continuation of the lateral cerebral sulcus which extends between the temporal lobe inferiorly and the parietal lobe superiorly, its termination surrounded by the supramarginal gyrus.ramus posterior sulci lateralis cerebri [NA];
posterior b. of obturator artery b. of obturator artery giving rise to acetabular b. and supplying muscles attached to ischium.ramus posterior arteriae obturatoriae [NA];
posterior b. of obturator nerve b. supplying obturator externus muscle, then passing posterior to adductor brevis, supplying it and the adductor portion of the adductor magnus muscle.ramus posterior nervi obturatorii [NA];
posterior b. of recurrent ulnar artery contributes to blood supply of flexor carpi ulnaris and to articular network of elbow.ramus posterior arteriae recurrentis ulnaris [NA];
posterior b. of renal artery terminal b. of renal artery (with anterior b.) becoming the posterior segmental artery of kidney.ramus posterior arteriae renalis [NA];
posterior b. of right branch of portal vein posterior segmental b. of portal vein; b. to posterior segments of right lobe of liver.ramus posterior rami dextri venae portae hepatis [NA];
posterior b. of right hepatic duct hepatic duct b. draining bile from posterior segments of right lobe of liver.ramus posterior ductus hepatici dextri [NA];
posterior b. of right superior pulmonary vein drains posterior portion of superior lobe of right lung.ramus posterior venae pulmonalis dextrae superioris [NA];
posterior scrotal b.'s of internal pudendal artery b.'s of perineal artery supplying skin of posterior scrotal sac.rami scrotales posteriores arteriae pudendae internae [NA];
posterior b. of spinal nerves See dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve.
posterior superior alveolar b.'s of maxillary nerve the b.'s of the superior alveolar nerves that supply the maxillary sinus and the molar tooth.rami alveolares superiores posteriores nervi maxillaris [NA];
posterior superior lateral nasal b.'s of pterygopalatine ganglion b.'s of pterygopalatine ganglion to upper posterior part of lateral wall of nasal cavity, including superior and middle nasal concha/meatuses, and posterior ethmoidal sinuses.rami nasales posteriores superiores laterales ganglii pterygopalatini [NA];
posterior superior medial nasal b.'s of pterygopalatine ganglion usually b.'s of the nasopalatine nerve to posterior superior nasal septum.rami nasales posteriores superiores mediales ganglii pterygopalatini [NA];
posterior b. of superior thyroid artery b. of superior thyroid artery which descends to supply the apical portion of the ipsilateral lobe of the thyroid, continuing along the posterior border of the gland to anastomose with the inferior thyroid artery.ramus posterior arteriae thyroideae superioris [NA];
pterygoid b.'s of maxillary artery pterygoid branches of middle meningeal artery.rami pterygoidei arteriae maxillaris [NA];
pubic b. of inferior epigastric artery b. arising from the inferior epigastric artery medial to the deep inguinal ring; runs medial to femoral ring onto posterior pubis; anastomosis, pubic b. of obturator artery. This anastomosis is frequently large, referred to as an "accessory obturator artery." In 20-30%, this anastomosis replaces the obturator artery, as an "aberrant" or "replaced" obturator artery.ramus pubicus arteriae epigastricae inferioris [NA];
pubic b. of obturator artery b. arising from the obturator artery just prior to its pasage through the obturator canal; the b. passes superiorly on the posterior aspect of the pubis. Anastomosis: with contralateral partner and pubic b. of inferior epigastric artery. See accessory obturator artery, pubic b. of inferior epigastric artery.ramus pubicus arteriae obturatoriae [NA];
pulmonary b.'s of autonomic nervous system pulmonary b.'s of cardiac plexuses and cardiaopulmonary splanchnic nerves.rami pulmonales systematis autonomici [NA];
recurrent meningeal b. of spinal nerves meningeal b. of spinal nerves
renal b. of lesser splanchnic b. b. of lesser splanchnic nerve to the aorticorenal plexus/ganglion.ramus renalis nervi splanchnici minoris [NA];
renal b.'s of vagus nerve b.'s of vagus nerve to kidney via the celiac plexus.rami renales nervi vagi [NA];
right b. of a pair of b.'s, the b. passing to the right side of the body, to the right member of a bilateral pair of structures, or to the right portion of an unpaired structure; the other member of the pair being a left branch.ramus dexter [NA];
right b. of portal vein terminal b. of hepatic portal vein distributed to right lobe of liver tributary: cystic vein.ramus dexter venae portae hepatis [NA];
right b. of proper hepatic artery right hepatic artery
saphenous b. of descending genicular artery b. of descending genicular artery supplying skin of the upper part of the medial aspect of the leg; anastomosis: medial inferior genicular artery (articular vascular network of knee).ramus saphenus arteriae descendentis genicularis [NA];
b.'s of segmental bronchi b.'s of segmental bronchi to the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs.rami bronchiales segmentorum [NA];
septal b.'s the interventricular septal b.'s; b.'s of the anterior and posterior interventricular arteries distributed to the muscle of the interventricular septum.rami interventriculares septales;
sinuatrial nodal b. of right coronary artery artery to the sinuatrial (S-A) node
b. to sinuatrial node artery to the sinuatrial (S-A) node
splenic b.'s of splenic artery b.'s of proper splenic arteries; splenic artery entering spleen at hilum.rami splenici arteriae splenicae [NA], rami lienales arteriae lienalis [NA];
stapedial b. of stylomastoid artery b. arising either directly from the stylomastoid artery or its b., the posterior tympanic artery; supplies stapedius muscle.ramus stapedius arteriae stylomastoideae [NA];
sternal b.'s of internal thoracic artery b.'s of internal thoracic artery which pass medially to supply the transversus thoracis muscle and posterior sternum.rami sternales arteriae thoracicae internae [NA], sternal arteries;
sternocleidomastoid b. of occipital artery b.'s of occipital artery to sternocleidomastoid muscle. One often hooks around hypoglossal nerve. It may arise as an independent b. of the external carotid, in which case it may be referred to as the sternomastoid artery.rami sternocleidomastoidei arteriae occipitalis [NA];
sternocleidomastoid b. of superior thyroid artery b. of superior thyroid artery to sternocleidomastoid muscle.ramus sternocleidomastoideus arteriae thyroideae superioris [NA];
stylohyoid b. of facial nerve b. of facial nerve to stylohyoid muscle.ramus stylohyoideus nervi facialis [NA];
subscapular b.'s of axillary artery b.'s of axillary artery passing directly to the subscapularis muscle.rami subscapulares arteriae axillaris [NA];
superficial b. b. which passes above or closer to surface; usually in contrast to a deep b.ramus superficialis [NA];
superficial b. of the lateral plantar nerve mostly cutaneous b. to skin of small and lateral half of fourth toes and lateral side of sole of foot, but also supplies the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle and the most lateral dorsal and plantar interosseous muscles.ramus superficialis nervi plantaris lateralis [NA];
superficial b. of the medial plantar artery gives rise to superficial digital arteries of medial three toes.ramus superficialis arteriae plantaris medialis [NA];
superficial palmar b. of radial artery the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery which supplies the thenar muscles then enters the palm to communicate with the superficial palmar arch from the ulnar artery.ramus palmaris superficialis arteriae radialis [NA], superficial palmar artery, superficial volar artery, superficialis volae;
superficial b. of the radial nerve cutaneous terminal b. (with deep b.) which runs under cover of brachioradialis muscle to wrist, then supplies skin of proximal portion of the dorsal aspects of thumb, index, middle and lateral half of ring fingers and the portion of the dorsum of the hand located proximally.ramus superficialis nervi radialis [NA];
superficial b. of the superior gluteal artery to upper gluteus maximus muscle.ramus superficialis arteriae gluteae superioris [NA];
superficial temporal b.'s of auriculotemporal nerve b.'s of auriculotemporal nerve to anterolateral scalp.rami temporales superficiales nervi auriculotemporalis [NA];
superficial b. of the transverse cervical artery b. of transverse cervical artery which accompanies the spinal accessory nerve on the deep surface of the trapezius muscle. Alternatively arises as a direct b. of the thyrocervical trunk, in which case it is called the superficial cervical artery.
superficial b. of the ulnar nerve b. supplying skin of palmar aspect of little and medial half of ring fingers, the portion of the palm proximal to them and the palmaris brevis muscle.ramus superficialis nervi ulnaris [NA];
superior b. b. which is directed upward or cranially or which is highly-placed, usually in contrast to an inferior b.ramus superior [NA];
superior cervical cardiac b.'s of vagus nerve uppermost of the b.'s of vagus nerve conducting presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to, and reflex afferent fibers from, the cardiac plexus; branching from the vagi close to the base of the skull.rami cardiaci cervicales superiores nervi vagi [NA];
superior dental b.'s of superior dental plexus b.'s passing from the superior dental plexus to the roots of the teeth of the upper jaw.rami dentales superiores plexus dentalis superioris [NA];
superior gingival b.'s of superior dental plexus b.'s of superior dental plexus to gingiva of upper jaw.rami gingivales superiores plexus dentalis superioris [NA];
superior labial b.'s of infraorbital nerve b.'s of infraorbital nerve to upper lip.rami labiales superiores nervi infraorbitalis [NA];
superior lingular b. of lingular branch of superior lobar left pulmonary artery b. (of the lingular b.) of the left pulmonary artery serving the superior lingular segment of the superior lobe of the left lung.ramus lingularis superior [NA];
superior b. of the oculomotor nerve b. of oculomotor nerve supplying the superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles.ramus superior nervi oculomotorii [NA];
superior b. of the pubic bone superior pubic ramus
superior b. of the right and left inferior pulmonary veins tributaries of the right and left inferior pulmonary veins which receive oxygenated blood from the superior [S6] bronchopulmonary segments of the inferior lobes of the right and left lungs.ramus superior venae pulmonalis dextrae/sinistrae inferioris [NA];
superior b. of the superior gluteal artery runs between gluteus medius and minimus muscles, supplying both, and continuing to reach tensor fascia lata muscle.ramus superior arteriae gluteae superioris [NA];
superior b. of the transverse cervical nerve b. providing cutaneous innervation in upper part of anterior triangle of neck.ramus superior nervi transversalis cervicalis (colli) [NA];
suprahyoid b. of lingual artery b. of lingual artery which runs along hyoid bone; anastomosis: infrahyoid b. of superior thyroid artery and across midline with its contralateral partner.ramus suprahyoideus arteriae lingualis [NA];
sympathetic b. to submandibular ganglion b. to the submandibular ganglion composed of postsynaptic sympathetic fibers from the internal carotid plexus conveyed largely by a periarterial plexus of the facial artery.ramus sympathicus [sympatheticus] ad ganglion submandibulare;
temporal b.'s of facial nerve b.'s of facial nerve innervating the superior portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle and other muscles of facial expression above the eye.rami temporales nervi facialis [NA];
thoracic cardiac b.'s of vagus nerve b.'s of vagus nerve to the cardiac plexus which branch from the vagi at thoracic levels, conducting presynpatic parasympathetic fibers to, and reflex afferent fibers from, the cardiac plexus.rami cardiaci thoracici nervi vagi [NA];
thymic b.'s of internal thoracic artery See mediastinal b.'s of internal thoracic artery.
tonsillar b. of the facial artery primary blood supply to palatine tonsil, with extensive anastomoses with other tonsillar arteries.ramus tonsillaris arteriae facialis [NA];
tonsillar b.'s of glossopharyngeal nerve b.'s of glossopharyngeal nerve conducting sensory fibers from the palatine tonsillar fossa.rami tonsillares nervi glossopharyngei [NA];
tracheal b.'s b.'s to the trachea. Nomina Anatomica lists tracheal branches of 1) inferior thyroid artery (rami tracheales arteriae thyroideae inferioris [NA]); and 2) recurrent laryngeal nerve (rami tracheales nervi laryngei recurrentis [NA]).rami tracheales [NA];
transverse b.'s b.'s which run transversly. Nomina Anatomica lists transverse b.'s of 1) lateral femoral circumflex artery (ramus transversus arteriae circumflexae femoris lateralis [NA]); and 2) medial femoral circumflex artery (ramus transversus arteriae circumflexae femoris medialis [NA]).ramus transversus [NA];
b. to trigeminal ganglion ganglionic b. of internal carotid artery.
tubal b. b. to a tubular structure.ramus tubarius [NA];
tubal b. of the tympanic plexus sensory b. of tympanic plexus (of glossopharyngeal nerve) to auditory tube.ramus tubarius plexus tympanici [NA];
tubal b. of the uterine artery terminal b. of uterine artery (with ovarian b.) supplying medial portion of uterine tube, anastomosing with tubal b. of ovarian artery.ramus tubarius arteriae uterinae [NA];
ulnar communicating b. of superficial radial nerve ulnar communicating b. of superficial b. of radial nerve, joining the dorsal b. of the ulnar nerve in the hand conveying sensation from the dorsal aspect of adjacent sides of the middle and ring fingers.ramus communicans ulnaris nervi radialis [NA];
ulnar b. of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve b. of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve supplying the skin of the medial portion of the proximal two-thirds of the dorsal side of the forearm.ramus ulnaris nervi cutanei antebrachii medialis [NA];
ureteral b.'s ureteric b.'s
ureteric b.'s b.'s distributed to the ureter. Although not listed by Nomina Anatomica, ureteric b.'s also rise regularly from the 1) abdominal aorta, 2) common iliac artery, and 3) internal iliac artery. Ureteric b.'s from the inferior vesical artery are constant in occurrence and supply the terminal portion of the ureter.rami ureterici [NA], ureteral b.'s;
ureteric b.'s of the ovarian artery b. of ovarian artery arising as it is crossed by the ureter in the female supplying mid portion of ureter.rami ureterici arteriae ovaricae [NA];
ureteric b.'s of the patent part of umbilical artery supplies pelvic portion of ureter.rami ureterici partis patentis arteriae umbilicale [NA];
ureteric b.'s of the renal artery supplies ureteric (renal) pelvis and superior portion of ureter.rami ureterici arteriae renalis [NA];
ureteric b.'s of the testicular artery b. of testicular artery arising as it is crossed by the ureter in the male; supplies mid portion of ureter.rami ureterici arteriae testicularis [NA];
ventral b. rami ventralis; See ventral primary rami of cervical spinal nerves, under ramus, ventral primary rami of lumbar spinal nerves, under ramus, ventral primary rami of sacral spinal nerves, under ramus, ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve.
vestibular b.'s of labyrinthine artery b.'s of labyrinthine artery passing to the vestibule of the bony labyrinth to supply the membranous labyrinth.
zygomatic b.'s of facial nerve b.'s of facial nerve crossing upper cheek to supply orbicularis oculi muscle.rami zygomatici nervi facialis [NA];
zygomaticofacial b. of zygomatic nerve penetrates zygomatic bone to supply skin of face over zygoma or cheekbone.ramus zygomaticofacialis nervi zygomatici [NA];
zygomaticotemporal b. of zygomatic nerve penetrates frontal process of zygomatic bone to supply skin of face lateral to orbit.ramus zygomaticotemporalis nervi zygomatici [NA];

branchia branchia, pl. branchiae (brang´ke-a, -e) [NA]

The gills, or organs of respiration, in water-living animals. [G. gill]

branchial branchial (brang´ke-al)

1. Relating to branchiae or gills. 2. In embryology, denoting the various structures constituting the branchial apparatus.

branching branching

Dividing into parts; sending out offshoots; bifurcating.ramose, ramous; [Fr. branche, related to L. branchium, arm]
false b. in bacteriology, the appearance of b. produced when a cell is pushed out of the general line of growth and develops a new line of growth while the remaining cells continue to develop along the original line of growth.

branchiogenic branchiogenic , branchiogenous (brang´ke-o-jen´ik, -ke-oj´en-us)

Originating from the branchial arches. [G. branchia, gill, -gen, to produce]

branchioma branchioma (brang-ke-o´ma)

Obsolete term for a rare form of carcinoma that originates in remnants of epithelium in the branchial structures; most of the lesions occurring in this site are likely to be metastases from a primary neoplasm in another location. [G. branchia, gill + -oma, tumor]

branchiomere branchiomere (brang´ke-o-mer)

An embryonic segment from which a branchial arch is developed. [G. branchia, gill, + meros, part]

branchiomerism branchiomerism (brang-ke-om´er-izm)

Arrangement into branchiomeres.

branchiomotor branchiomotor (brang´ke-o-mo´tor)

Relating to or controlling the movement of muscles derived from the branchial arches.

Brandt Brandt

M.L., U.S. obstetrician, *1894. See B.-Andrews maneuver.

brandy brandy

An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation of the fermented juice of sound ripe grapes and usually containing 48 to 54% ethyl alcohol. [Du. brandewijn, burnt (distilled) wine]

Branham Branham

H.H., 19th century U.S. surgeon. See B.'s sign.

Branham Branham

Sara Elizabeth, U.S. bacteriologist, 1888-1962. See Branhamella.

Branhamella Branhamella (bran-ha-mel´a)

A subgenus of aerobic, nonmotile, nonsporeforming bacteria (family Neisseriaceae) containing Gram-negative cocci that occur in pairs with adjacent sides flattened; these organisms differ from those of the genus Moraxella and of other genera in the family by their DNA base content and composition. They occur in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. The type species is B. catarrhalis. [Sara Branham]
B. catarrha´lis Moraxella catarrhalis

branny branny (bran´e)

Denoting desquamation of small husk-like scales. [M.E. bran, broken coat of cereal grain]

Brasdor Brasdor

Pierre, French surgeon, 1721-1798. See B.'s method.

Braun Braun

Christopher Heinrich, German surgeon, 1847-1911. See B.'s anastomosis.

Braune Braune

Christian W., German anatomist, 1831-1892. See B.'s canal, muscle, valve.

brawny brawny (brahw´ne)

Thickened (lichenified) and dusky (a darkened hue), as of a swelling. [M.E. fleshy]

Braxton Hicks Braxton Hicks

John, British gynecologist, 1823-1897. See B.H. contraction, sign, version.

braxy braxy (brak´se)

A fatal disease of sheep caused by Clostridium septicum and marked by inflammation of the abomasum and duodenum; symptoms preceding death in the less acute form are weakness, coma, and dyspnea. [Nor. brad sot, quick plague]

Bray Bray

Charles William, U.S. otologist, *1904. See Wever-B. phenomenon.

Brazelton Brazelton

T. Berry, U.S. pediatrician, *1918. See Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, under scale.

brazilein brazilein (bra-zil´e-in)

C₆H₁₂O₅;a red oxidation product of brazilin.

brazilin brazilin (bra-zil´in) [C.I. 75280]

A red natural dye, C₁₆H₁₄O₅, obtained from the bark of several species of tropical trees and oxidized to the active red dye brazilein; resembles hematoxylin in origin, chemistry, and usage; used as a nuclear stain and as an indicator (red in alkalies, yellow in acids).

brazing brazing (bra´zing)

In dentistry, soldering.

BrDu BrDu

Abbreviation for bromodeoxyuridine.

break break (brak)

To separate into parts. 2. A separation into parts.
double-strand b. a b. in double-stranded DNA in which both strands have been cleaved; however, the two strands have not separated from each other.
single-strand b. a b. in double-stranded DNA in which only one of the two strands has been cleaved; both strands have not separated from each other.

breakoff breakoff (brak´awf)

A feeling of physical separation from the earth when piloting an aircraft at high altitude.

breakthrough breakthrough (brak´thru)

A sudden manifestation of new insights and more constructive attitudes following a period of resistance during psychotherapy.

breast breast (brest)

1. The pectoral surface of the thorax. 2. The organ of milk secretion; one of two hemispheric projections of variable size situated in the subcutaneous layer over the pectoralis major muscle on either side of the chest of the mature female; it is rudimentary in the male.mamma [NA], teat (2); [A.S. breost]
accessory b. supernumerary b
caked b. stagnation mastitis
chicken b. pectus carinatum
funnel b. pectus excavatum
irritable b. swelling and induration of the b., not due to a neoplasm, and usually of comparatively brief duration.
male b. one of the two, usually rudimentary, mammary glands in the male.mamma masculina [NA], mamma virilis;
pigeon b. pectus carinatum
supernumerary b. a milk-secreting gland located elsewhere than at the normal place on the chest and existing in addition to the two usual mammae.mamma accessoria [NA], accessory b., supernumerary mamma;

breath breath (breth)

1. The respired air. 2. An inspiration. [A.S. braeth]
liver b. fetor hepaticus
uremic b. characteristic odor of the b. in patients with chronic renal failure, variously described as "fishy," "ammoniacal," and "fetid," which is indicative of the systemic accumulation of volatile metabolites, usually excreted in the urine; dimethylamine and trimethylamine have been identified and correlated with the classic fishy odor.

breath-holding breath-holding (breth´hold-ing)

Voluntary or involuntary cessation of breathing; often seen in young children as a response to frustration.

breathing breathing (bredh´ing)

Inhalation and exhalation of air or gaseous mixtures.pneusis;
apneustic b. pauses in the respiratory cycle at full inspiration, caused by damage of the respiratory control centers in the more caudal pons.
ataxic b. Biot's respiration
Biot's b. Biot's respiration
bronchial b. breath sounds of a harsh or blowing quality, heard on auscultation of the chest, made by air moving in the large bronchi and barely, if at all, modified by the intervening lung; duration of the expiratory sound is as long as or longer than that of the inspiratory sound, and its pitch as high as or higher than that of the inspiratory sound; may be heard over a consolidated lung, above a pleural effusion due to an underlying compressed lung, and rarely over a pulmonary cavity; whispered pectoriloquy is another manifestation that usually can be elicited when bronchial b. is present.
continuous positive pressure b. (CPPB) controlled mechanical ventilation
glossopharyngeal b. respiration unaided by the usual primary muscles of respiration; the air is forced into the lungs by use of the tongue and muscles of the pharynx.
intermittent positive pressure b. (IPPB) controlled mechanical ventilation
mouth b. habitual respiration through the mouth instead of the nose, usually due to obstruction of the nasal airways.
positive-negative pressure b. (PNPB) inflation of the lungs with positive pressure and deflation with negative pressure by an automatic ventilator.
pursed lips b. a technique in which air is inhaled slowly through the nose and mouth and exhaled slowly through pursed lips; used by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to improve their breathing by increasing resistance to air flow, forcibly dilating small bronchi.
shallow b. a type of b. with abnormally low tidal volume.
stertorous b. stertorous respiration

Breda Breda

Achille, Italian dermatologist, 1850-1933. See B.'s disease.

bredouillement bredouillement (bra-dwe-mahn´)

Omission of parts of words related to extremely rapid speech. [Fr.]

breech breech (brech)

buttocks [A.S. brec]

breeding breeding (bred´ing)

Selected mating of individuals to produce a strain that is desirable or of scientific interest. See also hybridization, linebreeding, inbreeding. [breed, fr. M.E. breden, fr. O.E. bredan, + -ing]

bregma bregma (breg´ma) [NA]

The point on the skull corresponding to the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures. [G. the forepart of the head]

bregmatic bregmatic (breg-mat´ik)

Relating to the bregma.

brei brei (brI)

A fine mince or mush of tissue in which the cells are for the most part intact. Cf. homogenate. [Ger. pulp]

bremsstrahlung bremsstrahlung (bremz´strah-lung)

Continuous spectrum radiation produced by the interaction of a beam of electrons and the nuclei that scatter them. [Ger. Bremsstrahlung, braking radiation]

Brenn Brenn

Lena, 20th century U.S. researcher. See Brown-B. stain.

Brenner Brenner

Fritz, German pathologist, *1877. See B. tumor.

brepho- brepho-

Rarely used prefix denoting a primitive stage of development. [G. brephos, embryo or newborn infant]

Breschet Breschet , Brechet

Gilbert, French anatomist, 1784-1845. See B.'s bones, under bone, canals, under canal, hiatus, sinus, vein.

Brescia Brescia

Michael J., U.S. nephrologist, *1933. See B.-Cimino fistula.

Breslow Breslow

Alexander, U.S. pathologist, 1928-1980. See B.'s thickness.

bretylium bretylium

An antihypertensive which on chronic oral dosing diminishes the release of norepinephrine from noradrenergic nerve endings.

bretylium tosylate bretylium tosylate (bre-til´e-um)

(o-Bromobenzyl)ethyldimethylammonium p-toluenesulfonate;a sympatholytic agent that prevents the release of norepinephrine from the nerve ending; used in the treatment of essential hypertension.

Breuer Breuer

Josef, Austrian internist, 1842-1925. See Hering-B. reflex.

Breus Breus

Carl, Austrian obstetrician, 1852-1914. See B. mole.

brevicollis brevicollis (brev-e-kol´is)

Abnormal shortness of the neck. [L. brevis, short, + collum, neck]

brevis brevis (brev´is)

Brief, short. [L. short]

brevotoxins (BTX) brevotoxins (BTX) (brev´o-tok´sins)

Structurally unique neurotoxins produced by the "red tide" dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis Davis (Gymnodinium breve Davis). An algae responsible for large fish kills and mollusk and human food poisoning in the Gulf of Mexico and along the Florida coast. Unlike previously isolated dinoflagellate toxins, such as saxitoxin, which are water-soluble sodium channel blockers, the b. are lipid-soluble sodium channel activators. Used as tools in neurobiological research.

Brewer Brewer

George E., U.S. surgeon, 1861-1939. See B.'s infarcts, under infarct.

Bricker Bricker

Eugene M., U.S. urologist, *1908. See B. operation.

bridge bridge (bridj)

1. The upper part of the ridge of the nose formed by the nasal bones. 2. One of the threads of protoplasm that appears to pass from one cell to another. 3. fixed partial denture
arteriolovenular b. the largest capillary connecting arteriole to venule.
cantilever b. a fixed partial b. denture in which the pontic is retained only on one side by an abutment tooth.extension b;
cell b.'s intercellular b.'s
cystine b. disulfide b
cytoplasmic b.'s intercellular b.'s
dentin b. a deposit of reparative dentin or other calcific substances which forms across and reseals exposed tooth pulp tissue.
disulfide b. 1. a disulfide linkage between two cysteinyl residues in a poly- or oligopeptide or in a protein; 2. any disulfide linkage between any thiol-containing moieties of a larger molecule.cystine b;
extension b. cantilever b
fixed b. See fixed partial denture.
Gaskell's b. atrioventricular bundle
intercellular b.'s slender cytoplasmic strands connecting adjacent cells; in histological sections of the epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia, the b.'s are processes attached by a desmosome and are shrinkage artifacts of fixation; true b.'s with cytoplasmic confluence exist between incompletely divided germ cells.cell b.'s, cytoplasmic b.'s;
myocardial b. a b. of cardiac muscle fibers extending over the epicardial aspect of a coronary artery; this finding, in cases of sudden unexpected death, has led to speculation that cardiac contraction during exertion could constrict the coronary artery.
removable b. removable partial denture
salt b. electrostatic bond
Wheatstone's b. an apparatus for measuring electrical resistance; four resistors are connected to form the four sides or "arms" of a square; a voltage is applied to one diagonal pair of connections, while the voltage between the other diagonal pair is measured, e.g., by a galvanometer; the bridge is "balanced" when the measured voltage is zero; then, the ratios of the two pairs of adjoining resistances must be identical.

bridgework bridgework (bridj´work)

partial denture

bridle bridle (brI´dl)

1. frenum 2. A band of fibrous material stretching across the surface of an ulcer or other lesion or forming adhesions between opposing serous or mucous surfaces. [M.E. bridel]
b. of clitoris obsolete term for frenulum of clitoris.

Bright Bright

Richard, English internist and pathologist, 1789-1858. See B.'s disease.

Brill Brill

Nathan E., U.S. physician, 1860-1925. See B.'s disease; B.-Symmers disease; B.-Zinsser disease.

brilliant cresyl blue brilliant cresyl blue

See cresyl blue.

brilliant green brilliant green [C.I. 42040]

The sulfate of di-(p-diethylamino)-triphenyl carbinolanhydride. An indicator dye that changes from yellow to green at pH 0.0 to 2.6; also used as a topical antiseptic and as a selective bacteriostatic agent in culture media.ethyl green;

brilliant vital red brilliant vital red

vital red

brilliant yellow brilliant yellow [C.I. 13085]

An indicator dye that changes from yellow to orange or red at pH 6.4 to 8.0.

brim brim

The upper edge or rim of a hollow structure.
pelvic b. superior pelvic aperture

brimstone brimstone (brim´ston)

sulfur [A.S. brinnan, to burn]

brindle brindle (brin´dl)

A hair coat color in which there is a uniform mixture of gray or tawny hairs with others of white or black; a composite color. [diminutive of O.E. brinded]

Brinell Brinell

Johan A., Swedish metallurgist, 1849-1925. See B. hardness number.

Briquet Briquet

Paul, French physician, 1796-1881. See B.'s ataxia, syndrome.

brisement forcé brisement forcé (briz-mon´for-sa´)

Forcible manipulation, usually under anesthesia, in which the position of a deformed limb is corrected by tearing the soft tissue and crushing the bone, as in a once popular but no longer used correction for club foot deformities. [Fr. forcible breaking]

brisket brisket

The part of a beef animal (sometimes used of other species) that constitutes the caudoventral part of the neck and lies cranially to and between the forelimbs of the animal. [O.E. brusket]

Brissaud Brissaud

Edouard, French physician, 1852-1909. See B.'s disease, infantilism, reflex; B.-Marie syndrome.

British anti-Lewisite (BAL) British anti-Lewisite (BAL) (brit´ish an-te-lu´is-It)

dimercaprol

British Pharmacopoeia (BP) British Pharmacopoeia (BP)

See Pharmacopeia.

broach broach (broch)

A dental instrument for removing the pulp of a tooth or exploring the canal.
barbed b. a root canal instrument set with barbs; used for removing a dental pulp, pulp tissue remnants, or dentinal debris.
smooth b. an exploring instrument used in endodontic practice; a root canal tine.

Broadbent Broadbent

Sir William H., British physician, 1835-1907. See B.'s law, sign; Bolton-B. plane.

broad-spectrum broad-spectrum

See spectrum.

Broca Broca

Pierre P., French surgeon, neurologist, and anthropologist, 1824-1880. See B.'s angles, under angle, aphasia, basilar angle, facial angle, area, parolfactory area, diagonal band, center, field, fissure, formula, visual plane, pouch.

Brock Brock

Sir Russell C., British surgeon, *1903. See B.'s syndrome; B. operation.

Brockenbrough Brockenbrough

E.C., U.S. surgeon, *1930. See B. sign.

Brocq Brocq

Louis A.J., French dermatologist, 1856-1928. See B.'s disease.

brocresine brocresine (bro-kre´sen)

a-(Aminooxy)-6-bromo-m-cresol;a histidine decarboxylase inhibitor.

Brödel Brödel

Max, German medical artist in the U.S., 1870-1941. See B.'s bloodless line.

Brodie Brodie

Sir Benjamin C., British surgeon, 1783-1862. See B.'s abscess, bursa, disease, knee.

Brodie Brodie

Charles Gordon, Scottish anatomist and surgeon, 1860-1933. See B.'s ligament.

Brodie Brodie

Thomas Gregor, British physiologist, 1866-1916. See B. fluid.

Brodmann Brodmann

Korbinian, German neurologist, 1868-1918. See B.'s areas, under area.

Broesike Broesike

Gustav, German anatomist, *1853. See B.'s fossa.

brom- brom- , bromo-

Prefixes that most commonly indicate the presence of bromine in a compound. [G. bromos, a stench]

bromate bromate (bro´mat)

Salt or anion of bromic acid.

bromated bromated (bro´mat-ed)

Combined or saturated with bromine or any of its compounds.brominated;

bromazepam bromazepam (bro-ma´ze-pam)

7-Bromo-1,3-dihydro-5-(2-pyridinyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one;an antianxiety agent.

bromazine hydrochloride bromazine hydrochloride (bro´ma-zen)

bromodiphenhydramine hydrochloride

bromcresol green bromcresol green (brom-kre´sol)

A substituted triphenylmethane dye (MW 698.021 g/mol, pK_a 4.7), sparingly soluble in water but readily soluble in alcohol, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate; used as an indicator of pH (yellow at pH 3.8, blue-green at pH 5.4).

bromcresol purple bromcresol purple

A substituted triphenylmethane dye (MW 540.229 g/mol, pK_a 6.3), practically insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and dilute alkalies; used as an indicator of pH (yellow at pH 5.2, purple at pH 6.8).

bromelain bromelain , bromelin (bro´me-lan, -lin)

One of a group of peptide hydrolases, all thiol proteinases, obtained from pineapple stem; used in tenderizing meats and in producing hydrolysates of proteins; orally administered in the treatment of inflammation and edema of soft tissues associated with traumatic injury.

Bromelius Bromelius

C., Swedish botanist, 1639-1705. See bromelain.

bromhexine hydrochloride bromhexine hydrochloride (brom-hek´sen)

3,5-Dibromo-N^a-cyclohexyl-N^a-methyltoluene-a,2-diamine hydrochloride;an expectorant with mucolytic, antitussive, and bronchodilator properties.

bromhidrosis bromhidrosis (brom-hi-dro´sis)

bromidrosis

bromic bromic (bro´mik)

Relating to bromine; denoting especially bromic acid, HBrO₃.

bromide bromide (bro´mId)

The anion Br^-; salt of hydrogen bromide (HBr); several salts formerly used as sedatives, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants.

bromidrosiphobia bromidrosiphobia (bro´mi-dro-si-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of giving forth a bad odor from the body, sometimes with the belief that such an odor is present. [bromidrosis + G. phobos, fear]

bromidrosis bromidrosis (brom-i-dro´sis)

Fetid or foul smelling perspiration.bromhidrosis, osmidrosis, ozochrotia; [G. bromos, a stench, + hidros, perspiration]

brominated brominated (bro´min-at-ed)

bromated

bromindione bromindione (bro-min-dI´on)

2-(p-Bromophenyl)-1,3-indandione;an oral anticoagulant.

bromine (Br) bromine (Br) (bro´men, -min)

A nonmetallic, reddish, volatile, liquid element; atomic no. 35, atomic wt. 79.904; valences 1 to 7, inclusive; it unites with hydrogen to form hydrobromic acid, and this reacts with many metals to form bromides, some of which are used in medicine.bromum; [Fr. brome, bromine, fr. G. bromos, stench]

bromism bromism , brominism (bro´mizm, -min-izm)

Chronic bromide intoxication, characterized by headache, drowsiness, confusion and occasionally violent delirium, muscular weakness, cardiac depression, an acneform eruption, foul breath, anorexia, and gastric distress.

bromo- bromo-

See brom-.

bromobenzylcyanide (BBC) bromobenzylcyanide (BBC) (bro´mo-benz-il-sI´a-nId)

A lacrimator used in tear gases in training and in riot control.

bromocresol green bromocresol green (bro-mo-kre´sol)

Tetrabromo-m-cresolsulfonphthalein;an indicator dye changing from yellow to blue at pH 4.7; used to track DNA in agarose electrophoresis, and in a dye-binding method for analysis of serum albumin.

bromocriptine bromocriptine (bro-mo-krip´ten)

2-Bromo-a-ergocryptine;an ergot derivative which slows dopamine turnover, inhibits prolactin secretion and release of prolactin by thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and retards tumor growth and hence is used in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia associated with various pituitary tumors; an agonist at dopamine receptors also used in Parkinson's disease.

bromodeoxyuridine (BrDu) bromodeoxyuridine (BrDu) (bro´mo-de-ok´se-yur´i-den)

A compound that competes with uridine for incorporation in RNA and fluoresces in ultraviolet light; used in BrDu-banding.

bromoderma bromoderma (bro-mo-der´ma)

An acneform or granulomatous eruption due to hypersensitivity to bromide. [bromide + G. derma, skin]

bromodiphenhydramine hydrochloride bromodiphenhydramine hydrochloride (bro´mo-dI-fen-hI´dra-men)

2-(p-bromo-a-phenylbenzyloxy)-N,N-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride;an antihistamine that may cause drowsiness and xerostomia.bromazine hydrochloride;

bromohyperhidrosis bromohyperhidrosis , bromohyperidrosis (bro´mo-hI´per-hi-dro´sis, -hI´per-i-dro´sis)

Excessive secretion of sweat having a fetid odor. [G. bromos, a stench, + hyper, over, + hidrosis, sweating]

bromophenol blue bromophenol blue (bro-mo-fe´nol)

bromphenol blue

bromosulfophthalein bromosulfophthalein (bro´mo-sul´fo-thal´e-in)

sulfobromophthalein sodium

5-bromouracil 5-bromouracil (bro-mo-yu´ra-sil)

Synthetic analogue (antimetabolite) of thymine, in which a bromine atom takes the place of the methyl group in thymine; a mutagen.

brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate (brom-fen-ir´a-men)

2-[p-Bromo-a-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)benzyl]pyridine maleate;a potent antihistaminic agent.

bromphenol blue bromphenol blue (brom-fe-nol)

A substituted triphenylmethane dye (MW 670, pK 4.0), used as an acid-base indicator (yellow at pH less than 3.1, blue at pH more than 4.7); also used for histochemical and electrophoretic demonstration of proteins.bromophenol blue;

bromsulfophthalein bromsulfophthalein (brom-sul´fo-thal´e-in)

sulfobromophthalein sodium

bromthymol blue bromthymol blue (brom-thI´mol)

A substituted triphenylmethane dye (MW 624, pK 7.0), used primarily as a hydrogen ion indicator (yellow at pH 6.0, blue at pH 7.6); also a weak but toxic vital stain.

bromum bromum (bro´mum)

bromine

broncatar broncatar (bron´ka-tar)

Camphoric acid compound (neutralized) with 2-amino-2-thiazoline (1:2); an antitussive and respiratory stimulant.

bronch- bronch-

See broncho-.

bronchi bronchi (brong´kI)

Plural of bronchus.

bronchi- bronchi-

See broncho-.

bronchia bronchia (brong´ke-a)

The smaller divisions of the bronchi. See also bronchus, bronchiole.bronchial tubes; [G. pl. of bronchion, dim. of bronchos, trachea]

bronchial bronchial (brong´ke-al)

Relating to the bronchi.

bronchiectasia bronchiectasia (brong´ke-ek-ta´ze-a)

bronchiectasis
b. sicca dry bronchiectasis

bronchiectasis bronchiectasis (brong-ke-ek´ta-sis)

Chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles as a sequel of inflammatory disease or obstruction.bronchiectasia; [bronchi- + G. ektasis, a stretching]
congenital b. a rare form of b. due to developmental arrest in the tracheobronchial tree; may be unilateral or bilateral.
cylindrical b. b. resulting in dilated bronchi of cylindrical shape; i.e., of uniform caliber.
cystic b. b. in which the bronchi end in blind sacs greater in diameter than the draining bronchi. See also saccular b.
dry b. b. characterized by lack of productive cough and by occasional hemoptysis.bronchiectasia sicca;
saccular b. b. resulting in dilated bronchi of saccular or irregular shape. See also cystic b.

bronchiectatic bronchiectatic (brong-ke-ek-tat´ik)

Relating to bronchiectasis.

bronchiloquy bronchiloquy (brong-kil´o-kwe)

Rarely used term for bronchophony [bronchi- + L. loquor, to speak]

bronchiogenic bronchiogenic (brong-ke-o-jen´ik)

bronchogenic

bronchiole bronchiole (brong´ke-ol)

One of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi, all less than 1 mm in diameter, and having no cartilage in its wall, but relatively abundant smooth muscle and elastic fibers.bronchiolus [NA];
respiratory b.'s the smallest bronchioles (0.5 mm in diameter) that connect the terminal bronchioles to alveolar ducts; alveoli rise from part of the wall.bronchioli respiratorii [NA];
terminal b. the end of the nonrespiratory conducting airway; the lining is simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium without mucous goblet cells; most of the cells are ciliated, but a few nonciliated serous secreting cells occur.bronchiolus terminalis;

bronchiolectasia bronchiolectasia (brong´ke-o-lek-ta´ze-a)

bronchiolectasis

bronchiolectasis bronchiolectasis (brong´ke-o-lek´ta-sis)

Bronchiectasis involving the bronchioles.bronchiolectasia; [bronchiole + G. ektasis, a stretching]

bronchioli bronchioli (brong-ke´o-lI)

Plural of bronchiolus.

bronchiolitis bronchiolitis (brong-ke-o-lI´tis)

Inflammation of the bronchioles, often associated with bronchopneumonia. [bronchiole + -itis, inflammation]
constrictive b. obliteration of bronchioles by scarring following b. obliterans. Cf. proliferative b.
exudative b. inflammation of the bronchioles, with fibrinous exudation.
b. fibro´sa oblit´erans obstruction of bronchioles and alveolar ducts by fibrous granulation tissue induced by mucosal ulceration; the condition may follow inhalation of irritant gases (see silo-filler's lung) or may complicate pneumonia (see BOOP); associated with obstructive findings (see unilateral hyperlucent lung, Swyer-James syndrome).b. obliterans;
b. oblit´erans b. fibrosa obliterans
b. obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) b. fibrosa obliterans complicated by pneumonia with organization.
proliferative b. b. with obliteration of bronchiolar lumen and alveoli by epithelial proliferation, which may follow influenza and giant-cell pneumonia.

bronchiolo- bronchiolo-

Bronchiole. [L. bronchiolus]

bronchiolopulmonary bronchiolopulmonary (brong´ke-o-lo-pul´mo-nar-e)

Relating to the bronchioles and the lungs.

bronchiolus bronchiolus, pl. bronchioli (brong-ke´o-lus, -o-lI) [NA]

bronchiole [Mod. L. dim. of bronchus]
bronchi´oli respirato´rii [NA] respiratory bronchioles, under bronchiole
b. termina´lis terminal bronchiole

bronchiostenosis bronchiostenosis (brong´ke-o-sten-o´sis)

Narrowing of the lumen of a bronchial tube.

bronchitic bronchitic (brong-kit´ik)

Relating to bronchitis.

bronchitis bronchitis (brong-kI´tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes.
asthmatic b. b. that causes or aggravates bronchospasm.
Castellani's b. hemorrhagic b
chronic b. a condition of the bronchial tree characterized by cough, hypersecretion of mucus, and expectoration of sputum over a long period of time, associated with frequent bronchial infection; usually due to inhalation, over a prolonged period, of air contaminated by dust or by noxious gases of combustion.
croupous b. obsolete term for fibrinous b.
fibrinous b. inflammation of the bronchial mucous membrane, accompanied by a fibrinous exudation, which often forms a cast of the bronchial tree with severe obstruction of air flow.plastic b., pseudomembranous b;
hemorrhagic b. chronic b. due to infection with spirochetes (though other bacteria are usually present and contribute to the infection) and characterized by cough and bloody sputum.bronchopulmonary spirochetosis, bronchospirochetosis, Castellani's b;
infectious avian b. a specific infectious disease of young birds, caused by infectious bronchitis virus, a member of Coronaviridae, and associated with blocking of respiratory passages by exudate; it is highly transmissible, and often causes heavy losses of young chicks and heavy production losses among older laying birds.gasping disease;
obliterative b. , b. oblit´erans fibrinous b. in which the exudate is not expectorated but becomes organized, obliterating the affected portion of the bronchial tubes with consequent permanent collapse of affected portions of the lung.
plastic b. fibrinous b
pseudomembranous b. fibrinous b
putrid b. b. accompanied by an expectoration of foul-smelling sputum.
verminous b. b. and bronchopneumonia caused by invasion of the bronchi by lungworms; occurs commonly in cattle, swine, and sheep, but rarely in other species.hoose, husk;

bronchium bronchium (brong´ke-um)

bronchus [Mod. L. fr. G. bronchion]

broncho- broncho- , bronch- , bronchi-

Bronchus, and, in ancient usage, the trachea. [G. bronchos, windpipe]

bronchoalveolar bronchoalveolar (brong´ko-al-ve´o-lar)

bronchovesicular

bronchocavernous bronchocavernous (brong-ko-kav´er-nus)

Relating to a bronchus or bronchial tube and a pulmonary pathologic cavity.

bronchocele bronchocele (brong´ko-sel)

A circumscribed dilation of a bronchus. [broncho- + G. kele, hernia]

bronchoconstriction bronchoconstriction (brong-ko-kon-strik´shun)

Reduction in the caliber of a bronchus or bronchi.

bronchoconstrictor bronchoconstrictor (brong-ko-kon-strik´ter, -tor)

1. Causing a reduction in caliber of a bronchus or bronchial tube. 2. An agent that possesses this action (e.g., histamine).

bronchodilatation bronchodilatation (brong´ko-dil-a-ta´shun)

Increase in caliber of the bronchi and bronchioles in response to pharmacologically active substances or autonomic nervous activity.

bronchodilation bronchodilation (brong´ko-dI-la´shun)

1. Alternative spelling for bronchodilatation. 2. Rarely used term for bronchiectasis.

bronchodilator bronchodilator (brong-ko-dI-la´ter, -tor)

1. Causing an increase in caliber of a bronchus or bronchial tube. 2. An agent that possesses this power (e.g., epinephrine).

bronchoedema bronchoedema (brong´ko-e-de´ma)

Swelling of the mucosa of the bronchi.

bronchoesophagology bronchoesophagology (brong´ko-e-sof-a-gol´o-je)

The specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the tracheobronchial tree and esophagus by endoscope and other means. [broncho- + G. oisophagos, esophagus, + logos, study]

bronchoesophagoscopy bronchoesophagoscopy (brong´ko-e-sof-a-gos´ko-pe)

Examination of the tracheobronchial tree or esophagus through appropriate endoscopes.

bronchofiberscope bronchofiberscope (brong-ko-fI´ber-skop)

A fiberoptic endoscope particularly adapted for visualization of the trachea and bronchi.

bronchogenic bronchogenic (brong-ko-jen´ik)

Of bronchial origin; emanating from the bronchi.bronchiogenic;

bronchogram bronchogram (brong´ko-gram)

A radiograph obtained by bronchography; radiographic visualization of a bronchus. [broncho- + G. gramma, a writing]
air b. radiographic appearance of an air-filled bronchus surrounded by fluid-filled airspaces.

bronchography bronchography (brong-kog´ra-fe)

Radiographic examination of the tracheobronchial tree following introduction of a radiopaque material, usually an iodinated compound in a viscous suspension; rarely performed at this time, having been superseded by high resolution computed tomography. [broncho- + G. graphe, a drawing]
tantalum b. historically, b. using insufflated metallic tantalum powder.

broncholith broncholith (brong´ko-lith)

A hard concretion in a bronchus or bronchial tube.bronchial calculus; [broncho- + G. lithos, stone]

broncholithiasis broncholithiasis (brong´ko-li-thI´a-sis)

Bronchial inflammation or obstruction caused by broncholiths.

bronchomalacia bronchomalacia (brong´ko-ma-la´she-a)

Degeneration of elastic and connective tissue of bronchi and trachea. [broncho- + G. malakia, a softening]

bronchomotor bronchomotor (brong-ko-mo´ter)

1. Relating to a change in caliber, dilation, or contraction of a bronchus or bronchiole. 2. An agent possessing this action. [broncho- + L. motor, mover]

bronchomycosis bronchomycosis (brong´ko-mI-ko´sis)

Any fungus disease of the bronchial tubes or bronchi. [broncho- + G. mykes, fungus]

bronchophony bronchophony (brong-kof´o-ne)

Increased intensity and clarity of voice sounds heard over a bronchus surrounded by consolidated lung tissue. See also tracheophony.bronchial voice; [broncho- + G. phone, voice]
whispered b. whispered pectoriloquy

bronchoplasty bronchoplasty (brong´ko-plas-te)

Surgical alteration of the configuration of a bronchus. [broncho- + G. plastos, formed]

bronchopneumonia bronchopneumonia (brong´ko-nu-mo´nI-ah)

Acute inflammation of the walls of the smaller bronchial tubes, with varying amounts of pulmonary consolidation due to spread of the inflammation into peribronchiolar alveoli and the alveolar ducts; may become confluent or may be hemorrhagic.bronchial pneumonia;
postoperative b. patchy pneumonia developing in a postoperative patient, usually following surgery to upper abdomen, with restricted diaphragmatic movement due to pain on inspiration, resulting in hypoventilation of the dependent portions of the lungs, with corresponding inadequate movement of secretions, allowing development of infection; likelihood minimized by early postoperative mobilization, deep breathing exercises.
tuberculous b. an acute form of pulmonary tuberculosis characterized by widespread patchy consolidations.

bronchopulmonary bronchopulmonary (brong-ko-pul´mo-nar-e)

Relating to the bronchi tubes and the lungs.

bronchorrhaphy bronchorrhaphy (brong-kor´a-fe)

Suture of a wound of the bronchus. [broncho- + G. rhaphe, a seam]

bronchorrhea bronchorrhea (brong´ko-re´a)

Excessive secretion of mucus from the bronchial mucous membrane. [broncho- + G. rhoia, a flow]

bronchoscope bronchoscope (brong´ko-skop)

An endoscope for inspecting the interior of the tracheobronchial tree, either for diagnostic purposes (including biopsy) or for the removal of foreign bodies. There are two types: flexible and rigid. [broncho- + G. skopeo, to view]

bronchoscopy bronchoscopy (brong-kos´ko-pe)

Inspection of the interior of the tracheobronchial tree through a bronchoscope.

bronchospasm bronchospasm (brong´ko-spazm)

Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, causing narrowing of the lumen.

bronchospasmolytic bronchospasmolytic (brong´ko-spazm-mo-li-tik)

Relieving a bronchospasm.

bronchospirochetosis bronchospirochetosis (brong´ko-spI´ro-ke-to´sis)

hemorrhagic bronchitis

bronchospirography bronchospirography (brong´ko-spI-rog´ra-fe)

Use of a single lumen endobronchial tube for measurement of ventilatory function of one lung. [broncho- + L. spiro, to breathe, + G. grapho, to write]

bronchospirometer bronchospirometer (brong´ko-spI-rom´e-ter)

A device for measurement of rates and volumes of air flow into each lung separately, using a double lumen endobronchial tube. [broncho- + L. spiro, to breathe, + G. metron, measure]

bronchospirometry bronchospirometry (brong´ko-spI-rom´e-tre)

Use of a bronchospirometer to measure ventilatory function of each lung separately.

bronchostaxis bronchostaxis (brong´ko-stak´sis)

Hemorrhage from the bronchi. [broncho- + G. staxis, a dripping]

bronchostenosis bronchostenosis (brong-ko-sten-o´sis)

Chronic narrowing of a bronchus.

bronchostomy bronchostomy (brong-kos´to-me)

Surgical formation of a new opening into a bronchus. [broncho- + G. stoma, mouth]

bronchotomy bronchotomy (brong-kot´o-me)

Incision of a bronchus.

bronchotracheal bronchotracheal (brong-ko-tra´ke-al)

Relating to the trachea and bronchi.

bronchovesicular bronchovesicular (brong´ko-ve-sik´yu-lar)

Relating to the bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs.bronchoalveolar;

bronchus bronchus, pl. bronchi (brong´kus, brong´kI) [NA]

One of the two subdivisions of the trachea serving to convey air to and from the lungs. The trachea divides into right and left main bronchi, which in turn form lobar, segmental, and subsegmental bronchi. In structure, the intrapulmonary bronchi have a lining of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, and a lamina propria with abundant longitudinal networks of elastic fibers; there are spirally arranged bundles of smooth muscle, abundant mucoserous glands, and, in the outer part of the wall, irregular plates of hyaline cartilage.bronchium; [Mod. L., fr. G. bronchos, windpipe]
eparterial b. right superior lobe b. which passes above the right pulmonary artery.
hyparterial bronchi those bronchi which pass below the pulmonary arteries, i.e., right middle and inferior lobar bronchi and left superior and inferior lobar bronchi.
b. intermedius intermediate b
intermediate b. the portion of the right main b. between the upper lobe b. and the origin of the middle and inferior lobe bronchi.b. intermedius;
left main b. it arises at the bifurcation of the trachea, passes in front of the esophagus and enters the hilum of the left lung where it divides into a superior lobe b. and an inferior lobe b. It is longer, of narrower caliber, and more nearly-horizontal than the right main b., hence, aspirated objects enter it less frequently.b. principalis sinister [NA];
lobar bronchi the divisions of the main bronchi that supply the lobes of the lungs; superior lobar b., b. lobaris superior [NA]; middle lobar b., b. lobaris medius [NA]; and inferior lobar b., b. lobaris inferior [NA] are the three lobar bronchi on the right; superior lobar b., b. lobaris superior [NA], and inferior lobar b., b. lobaris inferior [NA] are the two on the left. The lobar bronchi divide into segmental bronchi.bronchi lobares [NA];
bronchi loba´res [NA] lobar bronchi
mucoid impaction of b. plugging of the lumen of bronchi due to thickened mucus, interfering with ventilation of corresponding lung segments and leading to characteristic clustered linear and grape-like radiologic densities and occasionally atelectasis and pneumonia; characteristically seen in cystic fibrosis but it can occur in a variety of disease states.
primary b. the main b. arising at the tracheal bifurcation and extending into the developing lung of the embryo.
b. principa´lis dex´ter [NA] right main b
b. principa´lis sinis´ter [NA] left main b
right main b. it arises at the bifurcation of the trachea and enters the hilum of the right lung, giving off the superior lobe b. and continuing downward to give off the middle and inferior lobe bronchi. It is shorter, of greater caliber, and more nearly-vertical than the left main b., thus, aspirated objects more frequently lodge on the right side.b. principalis dexter [NA];
segmental b. one of the divisions of the lobar b. that supplies a bronchopulmonary segment. In the right lung there are commonly ten: in the superior lobe, the apical (B₁) segmental b., b. segmentalis apicalis [NA]; posterior (B₂) segmental b., b. segmentalis (BII) posterior [NA]; and anterior (B₃) segmental b., b. segmentalis (BIII) anterior [NA]; in the middle lobe, lateral (B₄) segmental b., b. segmentalis (BIV) lateralis [NA]; and medial (B₅) segmental b., b. segmentalis medialis (BV) [NA]; in the inferior lobe, superior (B₆) segmental b., b. segmentalis superior (BVI) [NA], medial basal (B₇) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis medialis (BVII) [NA]; anterior basal (B₈) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis anterior (BVIII) [NA]; lateral basal (B₉) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis lateralis (BIX) [NA]; and posterior basal (B₁₀) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis posterior (BX) [NA]. In the left lung there are commonly nine: in the superior lobe, the apicoposterior (B₁₊₂) segmental b., b. segmentalis apicoposterior (BI+I) [NA]; anterior (B₃) segmental b., b. segmentalis anterior (BIII) [NA]; superior lingular (B₄) segmental b., b. lingularis superior (BIV) [NA]; and inferior lingular (B₅) segmental b., b. lingularis inferior (BV) [NA]; in the inferior lobe, superior (B₆) segmental b., b. segmentalis superior (BVI) [NA]; medial basal (B₇) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis medialis (cardiacus) (BVII) [NA], anterior basal (B₈) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis anterior (BVIII) [NA]; lateral basal (B₉) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis lateralis (BIX) [NA]; and posterior basal (B₁₀) segmental b., b. segmentalis basalis posterior (BX) [NA].b. segmentalis [NA];
b. segmenta´lis [NA] segmental b
stem b. the main b. from which the branches of the bronchial tree arise.

Broonsted Broonsted

Johannes N., Danish physical chemist, 1879-1947. See B. acid, base, theory.

brontophobia brontophobia (bront-o-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of thunder.tonitrophobia; [G. bronte, thunder, + phobos, fear]

brood brood (brud)

1. litter (2) 2. To ponder anxiously; to meditate morbidly.

Brooke Brooke

Henry A.G., English dermatologist, 1854-1919. See B.'s disease, tumor.

Brooke Brooke

Bryan N., British surgeon, *1915. See B. ileostomy.

brotizolam brotizolam (bro´tiz-o-lam)

A triazolo-benzodiazepine derivative with a sulfur and bromine atom in the molecule. Used as a sedative and hypnotic.

brow brow

1. The eyebrow. See eyebrow. 2. forehead [A.S. bru]

browlift browlift

Operation to elevate the eyebrows.

Brown Brown

Harold W., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1898. See B.'s syndrome.

Brown Brown

James, U.S. plastic surgeon, 1899-1971. See Blair-B. graft; B.-Adson forceps.

Brown Brown

James H., U.S. microbiologist, *1884. See B.-Brenn stain.

Brown Brown

Robert, English botanist, 1773-1858. See brownian motion; brownian movement; brownian-Zsigmondy movement.

Browne Browne

Sir Denis John, British surgeon, *1892. See Denis B.'s pouch; Denis B. splint.

brownian brownian (brown´e-an)

Relating to or described by Robert Brown.

Browning Browning

William, U.S. anatomist and neurologist, 1855-1941. See B.'s vein.

Brown-Séquard Brown-Séquard

Charles E., French physiologist and neurologist, 1817-1894. See Brown-Séquard's paralysis; Brown-Séquard's syndrome.

Bruce Bruce

Sir David, British surgeon, 1855-1931. See Brucella; brucellosis.

Brucella Brucella (bru-sel´la)

A genus of encapsulated, nonmotile bacteria (family Brucellaceae) containing short, rod-shaped to coccoid, Gram-negative cells. These organisms do not produce gas from carbohydrates, are parasitic, invading all animal tissues and causing infection of the genital organs, the mammary gland, and the respiratory and intestinal tracts, and are pathogenic for man and various species of domestic animals. The type species is B. melitensis.
B. abor´tus a species that causes abortion in cows (bovine brucellosis), mares, and sheep, undulant fever in man, and a wasting disease in chickens.abortus bacillus, Bang's bacillus;
B. ca´nis a species causing epididymitis, brucellosis, and abortion in dogs; occasionally causes mild human disease.
B. meliten´sis a species that causes brucellosis in man, abortion in goats, and a wasting disease in chickens; it may infect cows and hogs and be excreted in their milk; it is the type species of the genus B.
B. su´is a species causing abortion in swine, brucellosis in man, and a wasting disease in chickens; may also infect horses, dogs, cows, monkeys, goats, and laboratory animals.

Brucellaceae Brucellaceae (bru-sel-a´se-e)

A family of bacteria (order Eubacteriales) containing small, coccoid to rod-shaped, Gram-negative cells which occur singly, in pairs, in short chains, or in groups. The cells may or may not show bipolar staining. Motile and nonmotile species occur; motile cells are peritrichous. V (phosphopyridine nucleotide) and/or X (hemin) factors are sometimes required for growth. Blood serum may be required or may enhance growth. Increased carbon dioxide tension may also favor growth, especially on primary isolation. These organisms are parasites and pathogens which affect warm-blooded animals, including man, rarely cold-blooded animals. It was formerly called Parvobacteriaceae. The type genus is Brucella.

brucellergin brucellergin (bru-sel´er-jin)

A fat-free nucleoprotein antigen derived from brucella; used in skin tests for brucellosis.

brucellin brucellin (bru-sel´in)

A vaccine prepared from several species of Brucella; formerly thought to prevent or cure brucellosis.

brucellosis brucellosis (bru-sel-o´sis)

An infectious disease caused by Brucella, characterized by fever, sweating, weakness, aches, and pains, and transmitted to man by direct contact with diseased animals or through ingestion of infected meat, milk, or cheese, and particularly hazardous to veterinarians, farmers, and slaughterhouse workers; although some crossing over by species may occur, Brucella melitensis, B. abortus, B. canis, and B. suis characteristically affect goats, cattle, dogs, and swine, respectively.febris undulans, Malta fever, Mediterranean fever (1), undulant fever, undulating fever;
bovine b. a disease in cattle caused by Brucella abortus; in pregnant cows, characterized by abortion late in pregnancy, followed by retained placenta and metritis; in bulls, orchitis and epididymitis may occur; the organism may localize in the udder and thus appear in milk from infected cows.Bang's disease;

Bruch Bruch

Carl W.L., German anatomist, 1819-1884. See B.'s glands, under gland, membrane.

brucine brucine (bru-sen, -in)

10,11-Dimethoxystrychnine;an alkaloid from Strychnos nux-vomica and S. ignatii (family Loganiaceae), that produces paralysis of sensory nerves and peripheral motor nerves; the convulsive action which is characteristic of strychnine is almost entirely absent; formerly used as a local anodyne and tonic. [fr. Brucea sp., a shrub, after James Bruce, Scottish explorer, 1794]

Bruck Bruck

Alfred, German physician, *1865. See B.'s disease.

Brücke Brücke

Ernst W. von, Austrian physiologist, 1819-1892. See B.'s muscle, tunic; B.-Bartley phenomenon.

Brudzinski Brudzinski

Josef von, Polish physician, 1874-1917. See B.'s sign.

Brugia Brugia (bru´je-a)

A genus of filarial worms transmitted by mosquitoes to man, primates, felid carnivores, and a number of other mammals.
B. mala´yi the Malayan filaria species, an important agent of human filariasis and elephantiasis in Southeast Asia and Indonesia, transmitted to man by species of Mansonia and Anopheles mosquitoes; adult parasites cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, but there is less involvement of the genital region and lower extremities, and a relatively greater incidence of disease in the upper extremities than with Wuchereria bancrofti infection. Formerly called Wuchereria malayi.

Brugsch's syndrome Brugsch's syndrome

See under syndrome.

bruise bruise (bruz)

An injury producing a hematoma or diffuse extravasation of blood without rupture of the skin. [M.E. bruisen, fr. O.Fr., fr. Germanic]

bruissement bruissement (brwes-mawhn´)

A purring auscultatory sound. [Fr.]

bruit bruit (bru-e´)

A harsh or musical intermittent auscultatory sound, especially an abnormal one. [Fr.]
aneurysmal b. blowing murmur heard over an aneurysm.
carotid b. a systolic murmur heard in the neck but not at the aortic area; any b. produced by blood flow in a carotid artery.
b. de canon the loud first heart sound heard intermittently in complete atrioventricular block and in interference-dissociation when the ventricles happen to contract shortly after the atria.cannon sound;
b. de claquement (bru-e´ de klak-maw´) the sound of cardiac clicks. See click.
b. de cuir neuf (bru-e´ de kwer nuf) the sound of new leather (also bruit de craquement); a creaking pericardial friction sound heard mainly in chronic pericarditis.
b. de diable venous hum [Fr. humming-top]
b. de frolement (bru-e´ de frol´maw) a rough, rustling sound made by a pleural or pericardial friction rub. [Fr. rustling]
b. de galop gallop [Fr.]
b. de la roue de moulin gurgling or splashing mill-wheel sounds heard when both fluid and air are present in the pericardial sac. [Fr. mill]
b. de lime introduced by R. Laënnec to describe a rough rasping murmur. [Fr. file]
b. de rappel applied by J. B. Bouillaud to describe the cadence of a split-second heart sound, or of the second sound followed by an opening snap or early third heart sound.double-shock sound; [Fr. drum-beat]
b. de Roger Roger's murmur
b. de scie (bru-e´ de se) a harsh heart murmur heard in systole and diastole that produces a sound resembling that of a saw. [Fr. saw]
b. de scie ou de rape introduced by R. Laënnec to describe harsh, rasping murmurs. [Fr. saw, rasp]
b. de soufflet introduced by R. Laënnec to describe a blowing murmur. [Fr. bellows]
b. de tabourka a loud tambour-like or bell-like second heart sound heard at the aortic area in syphilitic aortitis. [Fr. tambour]
b. de tambour (bru-e´ de tam-bur´) reverberating, musical tone heard as the second heart sound over the aortic area, associated with syphilitic aortic valvular disease.tambour sound; [Fr. sound of drum]
b. de triolet introduced by L. Gallavardin to describe the triple cadence produced by a systolic click added to the first and second heart sounds. [Fr. a little trio]
Roger's b. (bru-e´) Roger's murmur
systolic b. any abnormal sound or any murmur heard during systole.
thyroid b. vascular murmur heard over hyperactive thyroid gland, due to increased blood flow.
Traube's b. gallop

Brumpt Brumpt

Emile, French parasitologist, 1877-1951. See B.'s white mycetoma.

Brunn Brunn

Albert von, German anatomist, 1849-1895. See B.'s membrane, nests, under nest.

Brunn Brunn

Fritz, 20th century Czechoslovakian physician. See B. reaction.

Brunner Brunner

Johann C., Swiss anatomist, 1653-1727. See B.'s glands, under gland.

brunneroma brunneroma (brun-er-o´ma)

An adenoma of Brunner's glands; a rare solitary tumor.

brunnerosis brunnerosis (brun-er-o´sis)

Benign nodular hyperplasia of Brunner's glands.

Bruns Bruns

Ludwig von, German neurologist, 1858-1916. See B. ataxia; B.'s nystagmus.

Brunschwig Brunschwig

Alexander, U.S. surgeon, 1901-1969. See B.'s operation.

brush brush (brush)

An instrument made of some flexible material, such as bristles, attached to a handle or to the tip of a catheter. [A.S. byrst, bristle]
Ayre b. a device, consisting of a long flexible tube with a b. at the distal end, for collecting gastric mucosal cells in cancer detection studies; after positioning in the stomach the b. is rotated and "sweeps" cells from the mucosa.
bronchoscopic b. a small b. for insertion through a bronchoscope to wipe off cells for microscopic identification in suspected bronchial carcinoma.
denture b. a b. used to clean removable dentures.
Haidinger's b.'s the perception of two dark yellowish b. or sheaves radiating about 5 degrees from the point of fixation when an evenly illuminated surface, such as the blue sky, is viewed through a polarizing lens.
Kruse's b. a bunch of fine platinum wires attached to a holder; used in bacteriological work to spread material over the surface of a culture medium.
polishing b. a b. usually mounted in a rotating instrument, used to polish teeth or artificial replacements.

Brushfield Brushfield

Thomas, British physician, 1858-1937. See B.'s spots, under spot; B.-Wyatt disease.

brushite brushite (brush´It)

CaHPO₄. 2H₂O;a naturally occurring acid calcium phosphate occasionally found in dental calculus and renal calculi.

bruxism bruxism (bruk´sizm)

A clenching of the teeth, associated with forceful lateral or protrusive jaw movements, resulting in rubbing, gritting, or grinding together of the teeth, usually during sleep; sometimes a pathologic condition. [G. brucho, to grind the teeth]

Bryant Bryant

Sir Thomas, English surgeon, 1828-1914. See B.'s sign, traction, triangle.

BSA BSA

Abbreviation for bovine serum albumin.

BSE BSE

Abbreviation for bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

BSER BSER

Abbreviation for brainstem evoked response. See brainstem evoked response audiometry.

Bt2cAMP Bt₂cAMP

N⁶,O^2´- dibutyryladenosine 3´:5´-cyclic monophosphate, a dibutyryl derivative of cAMP.

BTPS BTPS

Symbol indicating that a gas volume has been expressed as if it were saturated with water vapor at body temperature (37°C) and at the ambient barometric pressure; used for measurements of lung volumes.

BTU BTU

Abbreviation for British thermal unit.

BTX BTX

Abbreviation for brevotoxins.

buaki buaki (bu-ak´e)

A nutritional (protein deficiency) disease observed in natives of the Congo and characterized by edema, skin lesions, and anemia; possibly related to kwashiorkor.

buba madre buba madre (bu´ba mah´dre)

mother yaw

bubas bubas (bu´bahs)

yaws
b. brazilia´na espundia

bubo bubo (bu´bo)

Inflammatory swelling of one or more lymph nodes, usually in the groin; the confluent mass of nodes usually suppurates and drains pus. [G. boubon, the groin, a swelling in the groin]
bullet b. a hard, painless swelling of a gland in the groin, accompanying a chancre.
chancroidal b. an ulcerating b., due to Haemophilus ducreyi.virulent b;
climatic b. venereal lymphogranuloma
indolent b. an indurated enlargement of an inguinal node.
malignant b. the enlarged lymph node associated with bubonic plague.
parotid b. a swelling of the parotid gland due to secondary septic infection.
primary b. a b. occurring as the first sign of venereal infection.
tropical b. venereal lymphogranuloma
venereal b. an enlarged gland in the groin associated with any venereal disease, especially chancroid.
virulent b. chancroidal b

bubonalgia bubonalgia (bu´bon-al´je-a)

Rarely used term for pain in the groin. [G. boubon, groin, + algos, pain]

bubonic bubonic (bu-bon´ik)

Relating in any way to a bubo.

bubonulus bubonulus (bu-bon´yu-lus)

1. An abscess occurring along the course of a lymphatic vessel. 2. One of a number of hard nodules, often breaking down into ulcers, which form along the course of acutely inflamed lymphatic vessels of the dorsum of the penis. [Mod. L. dim. of bubo]

bucardia bucardia (byu-kar´de-a)

ox heart [G. bous, ox, + kardia, heart]

bucca bucca, gen and pl. buccae (buk´a, buk´e) [NA]

cheek [L.]

buccal buccal (buk´al)

Pertaining to, adjacent to, or in the direction of the cheek.

buccinator buccinator

See buccinator muscle.

bucco- bucco-

Cheek. [L. bucca]

buccoaxial buccoaxial (buk-o-ak´se-al)

Referring to the line angle formed by the buccal and axial walls of a cavity.

buccoaxiocervical buccoaxiocervical (buk´o-ak´se-o-ser´vi-kal)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of the buccal, axial, and cervical (gingival) walls of a cavity.

buccoaxiogingival buccoaxiogingival (buk´o-ak´se-o-jin´ji-val)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of a buccal, axial, and gingival (cervical) wall.

buccocervical buccocervical (buk-o-ser´vi-kal)

1. Relating to the cheek and the neck. 2. In dental anatomy, referring to that portion of the buccal surface of a bicuspid or molar tooth adjacent to its cemento-enamel junction.

buccoclusal buccoclusal (buk-o-klu´sal)

Incorrect term referring to the line angle formed by the junction of a buccal and pulpal wall. See buccopulpal.

buccodistal buccodistal (buk-o-dis´tal)

Referring to the line angle formed by the junction of a buccal and distal wall of a cavity.

buccogingival buccogingival (buk-o-jin´ji-val)

Relating to the cheek and the gum.

buccolabial buccolabial (buk-o-la´be-al)

1. Relating to both cheek and lip. 2. In dentistry, referring to that aspect of the dental arch or those surfaces of the teeth in contact with the mucosa of lip and cheek.

buccolingual buccolingual (buk-o-ling´wal)

1. Pertaining to the cheek and the tongue. 2. In dentistry, referring to that aspect of the dental arch or those surfaces of the teeth in contact with the mucosa of the lip or cheek and the tongue.

buccomesial buccomesial (buk-o-me´ze-al)

Referring to the line angle formed by the junction of a buccal and mesial wall of a cavity.

buccopharyngeal buccopharyngeal (buk´o-fa-rin´je-al)

Relating to both cheek or mouth and pharynx.

buccopulpal buccopulpal (buk-o-pul´pal)

Referring to the line angle formed by the junction of a buccal and pulpal wall of a cavity.

buccoversion buccoversion (buk´o-ver-zhun)

Malposition of a posterior tooth from the normal line of occlusion toward the cheek.

buccula buccula (buk´yu-la)

A fatty puffing under the chin.double chin; [L. dim. of bucca, cheek]

Büchner Büchner

Hans E.A., German bacteriologist, 1850-1902. See B. extract.

Büchner Büchner

Eduard, German chemist and Nobel laureate, 1860-1917. See B. extract, funnel.

buchu buchu (bu´ku)

The dried leaves of Barosma betulina, B. crenulata, or B. serratifolia (family Rutaceae), a shrub growing in South Africa; used as a carminative, diuretic, and urinary antiseptic.Hottentot tea; [native]

Buchwald Buchwald

Hermann Edmund, German physician, *1903. See B.'s atrophy.

Buck Buck

Gurdon, U.S. surgeon, 1807-1877. See B.'s extension, fascia, traction.

buckbean buckbean

The leaves of Menyanthes trifoliata (family Gentianaceae); credited with emmenagogue, antiscorbutic, and simple bitter properties.bogbean, menyanthes;

buckthorn buckthorn (buk´thorn)

Rhamnus

Bucky Bucky

Gustav, U.S. radiologist, 1880-1963. See B. diaphragm.

buclizine hydrochloride buclizine hydrochloride (bu´kli-zen)

1-(p-tert-Butylbenzyl)-4-(p-phenylbenzyl)piperazine dihydrochloride;a mild sedative used for motion sickness, vertigo, and anxiety accompanying psychosomatic disorders.

buclosamide buclosamide (buk-lo´sa-mId)

N-Butyl-4-chlorosalicylamide;a topical antifungal agent.

bucrylate bucrylate (byu´kri-lat)

Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate;a tissue adhesive used in surgery.

Bucy Bucy

Paul C., U.S. neurosurgeon, 1904-1992. See Klüver-B. syndrome.

bud bud (bud)

1. An outgrowth that resembles the b. of a plant, usually pluripotential, and capable of differentiating and growing into a definitive structure. 2. To give rise to such an outgrowth. See also gemmation. 3. a small outgrowth from a parent cell; a form of asexual reproduction.
bronchial b. one of the outgrowths from the primordial endodermal laryngotracheal tube giving rise to the primary bronchi. See laryngotracheal diverticulum.
end b. tail b
gustatory b. taste b
limb b. an ectodermally covered mesenchymal outgrowth on the embryonic flank giving rise to either the forelimb or hindlimb.
liver b. the primordial cellular diverticulum of the embryonic foregut endoderm that gives rise to the parenchyma of the liver.
lung b. tracheobronchial diverticulum
median tongue b. tuberculum impar
metanephric b. the primordial cellular outgrowth from the mesonephric duct that gives rise to the epithelial lining of the ureter, of the pelvis, and calyces of the kidney, and of the straight collecting tubules.ureteric b;
periosteal b. a vascular connective tissue bud from the perichondrium that invades the ossification center of the cartilaginous model of a developing long bone.
syncytial b. syncytial knot
tail b. the rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo; remnant of the primitive node.end b;
taste b. one of a number of flask-shaped cell nests located in the epithelium of vallate, fungiform, and foliate papillae of the tongue and also in the soft palate, epiglottis, and posterior wall of the pharynx; it consists of sustentacular, gustatory, and basal cells between which the intragemmal sensory nerve fibers terminate.caliculus gustatorius [NA], gustatory b., Schwalbe's corpuscle, taste bulb, taste corpuscle;
tooth b. the primordial structures from which a tooth is formed; the enamel organ, the dental papilla, and the dental sac enclosing them.
ureteric b. metanephric b
vascular b. an endothelial sprout arising from a blood vessel.

Budd Budd

George, English physician, 1808-1882. See B.'s cirrhosis, syndrome; B.-Chiari syndrome.

Budde Budde

E., Danish sanitary engineer, *1871. See B. process.

budding budding (bud´ing)

gemmation

Budge Budge

Julius L., German physiologist, 1811-1888. See B.'s center.

budgerigar budgerigar (buj-er´e-gar)

An Australian parakeet (Melopsillacus undulatus) commonly kept as a small pet bird.

budgie budgie (buj´e)

Abbreviated form of budgerigar.

Budin Budin

Pierre C., French gynecologist, 1846-1907. See B.'s obstetrical joint.

Buerger Buerger

Leo, Austrian-U.S. physician, 1879-1943. See Winiwarter-B. disease; B.'s disease.

bufa- bufa- , bufo-

Combining forms denoting origin from toads; used in the systematic and trivial names of toxic substances (genins) isolated from plants and animals containing the bufanolide structure; prefixes denoting species origin are often attached. [L. bufo, toad]

bufadienolide bufadienolide (bu-fa-dI-en´o-lId)

See bufanolide.

bufagenins bufagenins (bu´fa-jen-inz)

bufagins

bufagins bufagins (bu´fa-jinz)

A group of steroids (bufanolides) in the venom of a family of toads (Bufonidae) having a digitalis-like action upon the heart; cardiac glycosides having a six-membered lactone. See also bufotoxins.bufagenins, bufogenins;

bufanolide bufanolide (bu-fan´o-lId)

The fundamental steroid lactone of several vegetable (e.g., squill) and animal (e.g., toad) venoms or toxins; also found in the form of glycosides in plants (e.g., digitalis). The steroid is essentially a 5beta-androstane, with a 14beta H. The lactone at C-17 is structurally related to the -CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃ radical attached to C-17 in the cholanes, and is in the same configuration as that of cholesterol (i.e., 20R); in some species, b. is formed from cholesterol. Various b. derivatives having unsaturation in the lactone ring (20,22) or elsewhere (4) are known as bufenolides (one double bond), bufadienolides (two double bonds), bufatrienolides (three double bonds), etc; they have varying numbers of hydroxyl groups at positions 3, 5, 14, and 16, and these may be further substituted. For structure, see steroids.

bufatrienolide bufatrienolide (bu-fa-trI-en´o-lId)

See bufanolide.

bufenolide bufenolide (bu-fen´o-lId)

See bufanolide.

buffer buffer (buf´er)

1. A mixture of an acid and its conjugate base (salt), such as H₂CO₃/HCO₃^-; H₂PO₄^-/ HPO₄^2-, that, when present in a solution, reduces any changes in pH that would otherwise occur in the solution when acid or alkali is added to it; thus, the pH of the blood and body fluids is maintained virtually constant (pH 7.45) although acid metabolites are continually being formed in the tissues and CO₂ (H₂CO₃) is lost in the lungs. See also conjugate acid-base pair. 2. To add a b. to a solution and thus give it the property of resisting a change in pH when it receives a limited amount of acid or alkali.
dipolar b. zwitterionic b
secondary b. See Hamburger's law.
zwitterionic b. b. whose structure can include opposite charges.dipolar b;

bufo- bufo-

See bufa-.

bufogenins bufogenins (bu-fo-jen-inz)

bufagins

Bufonidae Bufonidae (bu-fon´I-de)

A family of toads whose dermal glands secrete several kinds of pharmacologically active substances having a cardiac action similar to that of digitalis. [L. bufo, toad]

buformin buformin (bu-for´min)

1-Butylbiguanide;an oral hypoglycemic agent.

bufotenine bufotenine (bu-fo-ten´en)

3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)indol-5-ol; N,N-dimethylserotonin;a psychotomimetic agent isolated from the venom of certain toads (family Bufonidae) and also present in several plants and one of the active principles of cohoba; raises the blood pressure by a vasoconstrictor action and produces psychic effects including hallucinations.mappine;

bufotoxins bufotoxins (bu-fo-toks´inz)

1. A group of steroid lactones (conjugates of bufagins and suberylarginine at C-3) of digitalis present in the venoms of toads (family Bufonidae); their effects are similar to but weaker than those of the bufagins. 2. Specifically, the main toxin of the European toad (Bufo vulgaris).

bug bug

An insect belonging to the suborder Heteroptera. For organisms so called, see the specific term.

buggery buggery (bug´ger-e)

sodomy [O.F. bougre, heretic, fr. Med. L. Bulgaris, a Bulgar (hence a heretic)]

bulb bulb (bulb)

1. Any globular or fusiform structure.bulbus [NA]; 2. A short vertical underground stem of plants, as of the onion and garlic.bulbus [NA]; [L. bulbus, a bulbous root]
aortic b. the dilated first part of the aorta containing the aortic semilunar valves and the aortic sinuses.bulbus aortae [NA], arterial b;
arterial b. aortic b
carotid b. carotid sinus
b. of corpus spongiosum b. of penis
dental b. the papilla, derived from mesoderm, that forms the part of the primordium of a tooth that is situated within the cup-shaped enamel organ.
duodenal b. duodenal cap
end b. one of the oval or rounded bodies in which the sensory nerve fibers terminate in mucous membrane.
b. of eye eyeball
hair b. b. of hair
b. of hair hair bulb, the lower expanded extremity of the hair follicle that fits like a cap over the papilla pili.bulbus pili [NA], hair b;
jugular b. b. of jugular vein
b. of jugular vein one of two dilated parts of the internal jugular vein: (1) the superior bulb (Heister's diverticulum) is a dilation at the beginning of the internal jugular vein in the jugular fossa of the temporal bone; (2) the inferior bulb is a dilat ed portion of the vein just before it reaches the brachiocephalic vein.jugular b; bulbus venae jugularis [NA];
Krause's end b.'s nerve terminals in skin, mouth, conjunctiva, and other parts, consisting of a laminated capsule of connective tissue enclosing the terminal, branched, convoluted ending of an afferent nerve fiber; generally believed to be sensitive to cold.corpuscula bulboidea [NA], bulboid corpuscles;
b. of lateral ventricle a rounded elevation in the dorsal part of the medial wall of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, produced by the major forceps.
olfactory b. the grayish expanded rostral extremity of the olfactory tract, lying on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and receiving the olfactory filaments.bulbus olfactorius [NA];
b. of penis the expanded posterior part of the corpus spongiosum of the penis lying in the interval between the crura of the penis.bulbus penis [NA], b. of corpus spongiosum, b. of urethra, bulbus urethrae;
b. of posterior horn of lateral ventricle of brain bulbus cornus posterioris
Rouget's b. a venous plexus on the surface of the ovary.
speech b. a prosthetic speech aid; a restoration used to close a cleft or other opening in the hard or soft palate, or to replace absent tissue necessary for the production of good speech.
taste b. taste bud
b. of urethra b. of penis
b. of vestibule a mass of erectile tissue on either side of the vagina united anterior to the urethra by the commissura bulborum.bulbus vestibuli vaginae [NA];

bulbar bulbar (bul´bar)

1. Relating to a bulb. 2. Relating to the rhombencephalon (hindbrain). 3. Bulb-shaped; resembling a bulb.

bulbi bulbi (bul´bI)

Plural of bulbus.

bulbitis bulbitis (bul-bI´tis)

Inflammation of the bulbous portion of the urethra.

bulbo- bulbo-

Bulb; bulbus [L. bulbus]

bulbocapnine bulbocapnine (bul´bo-kap´nin)

Drug derived from roots of Corydalis cava and C. tuberosa (family Fumariaceae) and Dicentra canadensis (family Papaveraceae); blocks the effects of dopamine on peripheral dopamine receptors.

bulbocavernosus bulbocavernosus (bul´bo-kav-er-no´sus)

See musculus bulbocavernosus.

bulboid bulboid (bul´boyd)

Bulb-shaped. [bulbo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

bulbonuclear bulbonuclear (bul-bo-nu´kle-ar)

Relating to the nuclei in the medulla oblongata.

bulbopontine bulbopontine (bul-bo-pon´ten)

Relating to the rostral part of the rhombencephalon composed of the pons and overlying tegmentum.

bulbosacral bulbosacral (bul´bo-sa´kral)

See bulbosacral system.

bulbospinal bulbospinal (bul-bo-spI´nal)

Relating to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord, particularly to nerve fibers interconnecting the two.spinobulbar;

bulbourethral bulbourethral (bul´bo-yu-re´thral)

Relating to the bulbus penis and the urethra.urethrobulbar;

bulbus bulbus, gen and pl. bulbi (bul´bus, -bI) [NA]

bulb (1), bulb [L. a plant bulb]
b. aor´tae [NA] aortic bulb
b. cor´dis a transitory dilation in the embryonic heart where the arterial trunk joins the ventral roots of the aortic arches.
b. cor´nus posterior´is [NA] bulb of posterior horn of lateral ventricle of the brain; a curved elevation on the inner wall of the posterior horn produced by the fibers of the forceps major of the corpus callosum as they bend backward into the occipital lobe.bulb of posterior horn of lateral ventricle of brain;
b. oc´uli [NA] eyeball
b. olfacto´rius [NA] olfactory bulb
b. pe´nis [NA] bulb of penis
b. pi´li [NA] bulb of hair
b. ure´thrae bulb of penis
b. ve´nae jugula´ris [NA] bulb of jugular vein
b. vestib´uli vaginae [NA] bulb of vestibule

bulesis bulesis (bu-le´sis)

The will; a willing. [G. boulesis, a willing]

bulimia bulimia (bu-lim´e-a)

b. nervosa [G. bous, ox, + limos, hunger]
b. nervo´sa a chronic morbid disorder involving repeated and secretive episodic bouts of eating characterized by uncontrolled rapid ingestion of large quantities of food over a short period of time (binge eating), followed by self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or vigorous exercise in order to prevent weight gain; often accompanied by feelings of guilt, depression, or self-disgust.boulimia, bulimia, hyperorexia;

bulimic bulimic (bu-lim´ik)

Relating to, or suffering from, bulimia nervosa.

Bulinus Bulinus (byu-lI´nus)

A genus and subgenus of freshwater snails in the family Planorbidae (subfamily Bulininae), which includes many species that are intermediate hosts of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma haematobium, in Africa and the Middle East; divided into two subgenera, Physopsis and Bulinus, the former being responsible for transmission of S. haematobium south of the Sahara, the latter responsible for transmission of this bladder blood fluke in north Africa and the Middle East. Important species include B. truncatus and B. forskalii, hosts for human and animal schistosomes and several domestic animal amphistome flukes.

bulkage bulkage (bulk´ij)

Anything, such as agar, that increases the bulk of material in the intestine, thereby stimulating peristalsis.

bull bull

Abbreviation for L. bulliens, bulliat, or bulliant, boiling, let boil.

bulla bulla, gen and pl. bullae (bul´a, -e)

1. A large blister appearing as a circumscribed area of separation of the epidermis from the subepidermal structure (subepidermal b. ) or as a circumscribed area of separation of epidermal cells (intraepidermal b. ) caused by the presence of serum, or occasionally by an injected substance. 2. [NA] A bubble-like structure. [L. bubble]
ethmoidal b. a bulging of the inner wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth in the middle meatus of the nose, just below the middle nasal concha; it is regarded as a rudimentary concha.b. ethmoidalis [NA];
b. ethmoida´lis [NA] ethmoidal b
pulmonary b. 1. an air-filled blister on the surface of the lung; 2. a similar abnormality within the lung presenting as a thin-walled cavity.
b. tympan´ica the bony capsule enclosing the middle ear of the cat and dog.

bullectomy bullectomy (bul-ek´to-me)

Resection of a bulla; helpful in treating some forms of bullous emphysema, in which giant bullae compress functioning lung tissue.

bullnose bullnose (bul´noz)

necrotic rhinitis of pigs

bullous bullous (bul´us)

Relating to, of the nature of, or marked by, bullae.

bumetanide bumetanide (byu-met´a-nId)

3-Butylamino-4-phenoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid;a diuretic used in the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and renal disease.

Bumke Bumke

Oswald C.E., German neurologist, 1877-1950. See B.'s pupil.

BUN BUN

Abbreviation for blood urea nitrogen.

bunamidine hydrochloride bunamidine hydrochloride (bun-am´i-den)

N,N-Dibutyl-4-hexyloxynaphthamidine monohydrochloride;an anthelmintic.

bundle bundle (bun´dl)

A structure composed of a group of fibers, muscular or nervous; a fasciculus.
aberrant b.'s a group, or groups, of fibers from the corticobulbar or corticonuclear tract, directed to each of the motor nuclei of cranial nerves.
anterior ground b. fasciculus anterior proprius See fasciculi proprii, under fasciculus.
Arnold's b. temporopontine tract
atrioventricular b. the bundle of modified cardiac muscle fibers that begins at the atrioventricular node as the trunk of the atrioventricular bundle and passes through the right atrioventricular fibrous ring to the membranous part of the interventricular septum where the trunk divides into two branches, the right crus of the atrioventricular b. and the left crus of the atrioventricular b.; the two crura ramify in the subendocardium of their respective ventricles.fasciculus atrioventricularis [NA], atrioventricular band, Gaskell's bridge, His' band, His' b., b. of His, Keith's b., Kent's b. (1), Kent-His b., ventriculonector;
Bachmann's b. division of the anterior internodal tract that continues into the left atrium providing a specialized path for interatrial conduction.
comma b. of Schultze semilunar fasciculus
Flechsig's ground b.'s fasciculus anterior proprius and fasciculus lateralis proprius. See fasciculi proprii, under fasciculus.
Gantzer's accessory b. See Gantzer's muscle.
Gierke's respiratory b. solitary tract
ground b.'s fasciculi proprii, under fasciculus
Held's b. tectospinal tract
Helie's b. a vertically arched b. of fibers in the superficial layer of the myometrium.
Helweg's b. olivospinal tract
His' b. , b. of His atrioventricular b
Hoche's b. See semilunar fasciculus.
hooked b. of Russell uncinate b. of Russell
Keith's b. atrioventricular b
Kent-His b. atrioventricular b
Kent's b. 1. atrioventricular b 2. a muscle fiber b. in the mammalian heart below the nodus atrioventricularis; may also occur in man.
Killian's b. See inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx.
Krause's respiratory b. solitary tract
lateral ground b. lateral proprius b; See fasciculi proprii, under fasciculus.
lateral proprius b. lateral ground b
Lissauer's b. dorsolateral fasciculus
Loewenthal's b. tectospinal tract
longitudinal pontine b.'s longitudinal pontine fasciculi, under fasciculus
medial forebrain b. a fiber system coursing longitudinally through the lateral zone of the hypothalamus, connecting the latter reciprocally with the midbrain tegmentum and with various components of the limbic system; it also carries fibers from norepinephrine-containing and serotonin-containing cell groups in the brainstem to the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as dopamine-carrying fibers from the substantia nigra to the caudate nucleus and putamen.
medial longitudinal b. medial longitudinal fasciculus
Meynert's retroflex b. retroflex fasciculus
Monakow's b. rubrospinal tract
muscle b. a group of muscle fibers ensheathed by connective tissue (perimysium).
oblique b. of pons oblique pontine fasciculus
olfactory b. a fiber system, described by E. Zuckerkandl as "Reichbündel," descending from the transparent septum in front of the anterior commissure toward the base of the forebrain; it contains precommissural fibers of the fornix, fibers from the septum to the hypothalamus and innominate substance, as well as fibers ascending to the septum and hippocampus from the hypothalamus and midbrain; it bears no special relation to the sense of smell.
olivocochlear b. a b. of fibers that originates from the periolivary nuclei bilaterally, exits the brainstem on the vestibular nerve, joins the cochlear nerve in the inner ear, and terminates on outer hair cells.b. of Rasmussen, olivocochlear fibers;
Pick's b. a b. of nerve fibers recurving rostralward from the pyramidal tract in the medulla oblongata, and believed to consist of corticonuclear fibers.
posterior longitudinal b. medial longitudinal fasciculus
precommissural b. See olfactory b.
predorsal b. tectospinal tract
b. of Rasmussen olivocochlear b
Rathke's b.'s trabeculae carneae, under trabecula
Schütz' b. dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
solitary b. solitary tract
tendon b. a group of tendon fibers surrounded by a sheath of irregular connective tissue (peritendineum).
Türck's b. anterior pyramidal tract
uncinate b. of Russell fastigial efferent fibers that cross with the cerebellum and descend over the lateral surface of the superior cerebellar peduncle; these fibers largely terminate in the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation of the pons and medulla.hooked b. of Russell, uncinate fasciculus of Russell;
Vicq d'Azyr's b. mamillothalamic fasciculus

bungarotoxins bungarotoxins (bung´ga-ro-tok´sinz)

Constituent proteins of the venom of the South Asian banded krait Bungarus multicinctus, a snake of the Elapidae family. Used as pharmacologic tools in studying neuromuscular function.

bungpagga bungpagga (bung-pag´a)

myositis purulenta tropica

bunion bunion (bun´yun)

A localized swelling at either the medial or dorsal aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, caused by an inflammatory bursa; a medial b. is usually associated with hallux valgus. [O.F. buigne, bump on the head]

bunionectomy bunionectomy (bun-yun-ek´to-me)

Excision of a bunion.
Keller b. excision of the proximal portion of the proximal phalanx of the first toe.
Mayo b. excision of the head of the first metatarsal.

Bunnell Bunnell

Sterling, U.S. surgeon, 1882-1957. See B.'s suture; Paul-B. test.

bunodont bunodont (bu´no-dont)

Having molar teeth with rounded or low conical cusps, in contrast to lophodont. [G. bounos, mound, + odous (odont-), tooth]

bunolol hydrochloride bunolol hydrochloride (byu´no-lol)

dl-5-[3-tert-(Butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone hydrochloride;a beta-adrenergic blocking agent for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

bunolophodont bunolophodont (bu-no-lof´o-dont)

Having molar teeth with transverse ridges and rounded cusps on the occlusal surface. [G. bunos, mound, + lophos, ridge, + odous, tooth]

bunoselenodont bunoselenodont (bu´no-se-len´o-dont)

Having molar teeth with crescentic ridges and rounded cusps on the occlusal surface. [bunos, + selene, moon, + odous, tooth]

Bunostomum Bunostomum (byu-no-sto´mum)

A genus of hookworms (family Ancylostomatidae, subfamily Necatorinae) found in cattle and other herbivores; similar to Necator. [G. bounos, hill, mound, + stoma, mouth]
B. phlebot´omum a species that occurs in cattle, sheep, and some wild ruminants in many parts of the world.
B. trigonoceph´alum a cosmopolitan hookworm species in the small intestines of sheep and goats.

Bunsen Bunsen

Robert W., German chemist and physicist, 1811-1899. See B. burner; B.'s solubility coefficient; B.-Roscoe law.

Bunsen burner Bunsen burner

A gas lamp supplied with lateral openings admitting sufficient air so that the carbon is completely burned, thus giving a very hot but only slightly luminous flame. [R.W. Bunsen]

Bunyaviridae Bunyaviridae (bun-ya-vir´i-de)

A family of arboviruses composed of more than 200 virus serotypes and containing at least five genera: Bunyavirus, Hantavirus, Phlebovirus, Nairovirus, and Uukuvirus. Virions are 90-100 nm in diameter, sensitive to lipid solvents and detergents, and enveloped with glycopolypeptide surface projections; the nucleocapsid is of helical symmetry containing single-stranded segmented RNA (MW 7 x 10⁶). [Bunyamwere, Uganda]

Bunyavirus Bunyavirus (bun´ya-vI-rus)

A virus in the genus of the family Bunyaviridae that includes California encephalitis virus and LaCrosse encephalitis virus.

buphthalmia buphthalmia , buphthalmus , buphthalmos (buf-thal´me-a, -thal´mus, -thal´mos)

An affection of infancy, marked by an increase of intraocular pressure with enlargement of the eyeball.congenital glaucoma, hydrophthalmia, hydrophthalmos, hydrophthalmus; [G. bous, ox, + ophthalmos, eye]

bupivacaine bupivacaine (byu-piv´a-kan)

dl-1-Butylpipecoloxylidide;a potent, long-acting local anesthetic used in regional anesthesia.

buprenorphine hydrochloride buprenorphine hydrochloride (bu-pre-nor´fen)

C₂₉H₄₁NO₄. HCl;a semisynthetic opioid analgesic used for relief of moderate to severe pain.

bupropion hydrochloride bupropion hydrochloride (bu-pro´pe-on)

1-Propanone,1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-hydrochloride;an antidepressant.

bur bur (bur)

A rotary cutting instrument, used in dentistry, consisting of a small metal shaft and a head designed in various shapes; used at various rotational velocities for excavating decay, shaping cavity forms, and for reduction of tooth structure. See also burr.
cross-cut b. a b. with blades located at right angles to its long axis.
end-cutting b. a b. with blades only on its end.
finishing b. a b. with numerous fine cutting blades placed close together; used to contour metallic restorations.
fissure b. a cylindrical or tapered rotary cutting tool intended for extending or widening fissures in a tooth, as for general surface reduction of tooth substance.
inverted cone b. a rotary cutting instrument in the shape of a truncated cone with the smaller end attached to the shaft; generally used for entering carious pits or creating undercuts in cavity preparations.
round b. a dental b. with the cutting blades spherically arranged.

Burchard Burchard

H., 19th century German chemist. See B.-Liebermann reaction; Liebermann-B. test.

Burchard-Liebermann reaction Burchard-Liebermann reaction

See under reaction.

Burdach Burdach

Karl F., German anatomist and physiologist, 1776-1847. See B.'s column, fasciculus, nucleus, tract.

burden burden (ber´den)

See body burden.
clinical b. a b. that differs from genetic b. mainly in the added component of morbidity; a trait that is neither a clinical or a genetic lethal may be grossly disabling.
genetic b. the genetic debt due to harmful mutation but as yet undischarged. (In a large population of fixed size every mutation with diminished genetic fitness will eventually become extinct and depending on the details of inheritance and phenotype must be paid for by a fixed number of genetic deaths per mutation, the genetic debt.)

buret buret , burette (bu-ret´)

A graduated glass tube with a tap as its lower end; used for measuring liquids in volumetric chemical analyses. [Fr.]

Bürger Bürger

Max, German physician, *1885. See B.-Grütz syndrome, disease.

Burger's triangle Burger's triangle

See under triangle.

Burk Burk

Dean, U.S. scientist, *1904. See Lineweaver-B. equation, plot.

Burkitt Burkitt

Denis P., 20th century British physician in Uganda, died 1993. See B.'s lymphoma.

Burlew disk Burlew disk

See under disk.

Burlew wheel Burlew wheel

See under wheel.

Burn Burn

J.H. See B. and Rand theory.

burn burn (bern)

1. To cause a lesion by heat or any other agent, similar to that caused by heat. 2. To suffer pain caused by excessive heat, or similar pain from any cause. 3. A lesion caused by heat or any cauterizing agent, including friction, electricity, and electromagnetic energy; types of b.'s resulting from different agents are relatively specific and diagnostic. The division of b.'s into three degrees (first degree, second degree, and third degree) is recognized for geographical designation. [A.S. baernan]
brush b. a b. caused by friction of a rapidly moving object against the skin or ground into the skin.
chemical b. a b. due to a caustic chemical.
first degree b. a b. involving only the epidermis and causing erythema and edema without vesiculation.superficial b;
flash b. a b. due to very brief exposure to intense radiant heat; the typical b. produced by atomic explosion.
full-thickness b. third degree b
mat b. See brush b.
partial-thickness b. second degree b
radiation b. a b. caused by exposure to radium, x-rays, atomic energy in any form, ultraviolet rays, etc.
rope b. See brush b.
second degree b. a b. involving the epidermis and dermis and usually forming blisters that may be superficial, or by deep dermal necrosis, followed by epithelial regeneration extending from the skin appendages.partial-thickness b;
superficial b. first degree b
thermal b. a b. caused by heat.
third degree b. a b. involving destruction of the entire skin; deep third-degree b.'s extend into subcutaneous fat, muscle, or bone and often cause much scarring.full-thickness b;

burners burners (bern´erz)

Episodes of upper extremity burning pain. See also burner syndrome.stingers;

Burnett Burnett

Charles H., U.S. physician, 1901-1967. See B.'s syndrome.

burnisher burnisher (bur´nish-er)

An instrument for smoothing and polishing the surface or edge of a dental restoration. [O. F. burnir, to polish]

burnout burnout (bern´owt)

1. In dentistry, the elimination, by heat, of an invested pattern from a set investment in order to prepare the mold to receive casting metal. 2. A psychological state of physical and emotional exhaustion thought to be a stress reaction to a reduced ability to meet the demands of one's occupation; symptoms include fatigue, insomnia, impaired work performance, and an increased suscepibility to physical illness and substance abuse.

Burns Burns

Allan, Scottish anatomist, 1781-1813. See B.'s ligament, falciform process, space.

Burow Burow

Karl A. von, German surgeon, 1809-1874. See B.'s operation, solution, triangle, vein.

burr burr (bur)

A drilling tool for enlarging a trephine hole in the cranium. See also bur.

burrow burrow (ber´o)

1. A subcutaneous tunnel or tract made by a parasite, such as the itch mite. 2. A sinus or fistula. 3. To undermine or create a tunnel or tract through or beneath various tissue planes.

bursa bursa, pl. bursae (ber´sa, ber´se) [NA]

A closed sac or envelope lined with synovial membrane and containing fluid, usually found or formed in areas subject to friction; e.g., over an exposed or prominent part or where a tendon passes over a bone. [Mediev. L., a purse]
Achil´les b. b. of tendo calcaneus
b. achil´lis [NA] * official alternate term for b. of tendo calcaneus
b. of acromion subcutaneous acromial b
adventitious b. a b.-like cyst formed between two parts as a result of friction.
b. anseri´na [NA] anserine b
anserine b. the b. between the tibial collateral ligament of the knee joint and the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles.b. anserina [NA], tibial intertendinous b;
anterior tibial b. subtendinous b. of the tibialis anterior muscle
bicipitoradial b. the b. between the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle and the anterior part of the tuberosity of the radius.b. bicipitoradialis [NA];
b. bicip´itoradia´lis [NA] bicipitoradial b
Boyer's b. retrohyoid b
Brodie's b. 1. medial subtendinous b. of gastrocnemius muscle; 2. b. of semimembranosus muscle
Calori's b. a b. between the arch of the aorta and the trachea.
coracobrachial b. a b. frequently present between the tendon of the coracobrachialis and the subscapularis muscle.b. musculi coracobrachialis [NA], subcoracoid b;
b. cubita´lis interos´sea [NA] interosseous b. of elbow
deep infrapatellar b. the b. between the upper part of the tibia and the patellar ligament.b. infrapatellaris profunda [NA];
b. of extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle the b. between the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis and the base of the third metacarpal.b. musculi extensoris carpi radialis brevis [NA];
b. fabric´ii the b. of Fabricius in poultry, a blind saclike structure located on the posterodorsal wall of the cloaca; it performs a thymus-like function.b. of Fabricius;
b. of Fabricius b. fabricii
Fleischmann's b. sublingual b
b. of gastrocnemius subtendinous b. of gastrocnemius muscle
gluteofemoral b. two or three small bursae between the tendon of the gluteus maximus and the linea aspera.b. intermuscularis musculorum gluteorum [NA], intermuscular gluteal b;
gluteus medius bursae the b. between the tendon of the gluteus medius and the greater trochanter and the b. between the piriformis and gluteus medius.bursae trochantericae musculi glutei medii [NA];
gluteus minimus b. a fairly large b. usually located between the gluteus minimus and the greater trochanter.b. trochanterica musculi glutei minimi [NA];
b. of great toe the b. between the lateral side of the base of the first metatarsal bone and the medial side of the shaft of the second metatarsal.
b. of hyoid retrohyoid b
iliac b. subtendinous iliac b
b. iliopecti´nea [NA] iliopectineal b
iliopectineal b. a large b. between the iliopsoas tendon and the iliopubic eminence.b. iliopectinea [NA];
inferior b. of biceps fem´oris the b. between the tendon of the biceps femoris and the fibular collateral ligament of the knee joint.b. subtendinea musculi bicipitis femoris inferior [NA];
infracardiac b. a small serous sac sometimes present on the medial side of the base of the right lung in the embryo. See also pneumatoenteric recess, celomic bay.
infrahyoid b. a b. sometimes found below the inferior margin of the body of the hyoid bone between the sternothyroid muscle and the median thyrohyoid membrane.b. infrahyoidea [NA];
b. infrahyoi´dea [NA] infrahyoid b
b. infrapatella´ris profun´da [NA] deep infrapatellar b
infraspinatus b. the b. located between the tendon of the infraspinatus and the capsule of the shoulder joint.b. subtendinea musculi infraspinati [NA];
intermuscular gluteal b. gluteofemoral b
b. intermuscula´ris mus´culorum gluteor´um [NA] gluteofemoral b
interosseous b. of elbow an inconstant b. located between the tendon of the biceps and the ulna or the oblique cord.b. cubitalis interossea [NA];
b. intratendin´ea olec´rani [NA] intratendinous b. of elbow
intratendinous b. of elbow a b. sometimes present within the tendon of insertion of the triceps brachii.b. intratendinea olecrani [NA], b. of Monro;
b. ischiad´ica mus´culi glu´tei max´imi [NA] ischial b
b. ischiad´ica mus´culi obturato´ris inter´ni [NA] b. of obturator internus (1)
ischial b. the b. between the gluteus maximus muscle and the tuberosity of the ischium.b. ischiadica musculi glutei maximi [NA];
laryngeal b. subcutaneous b. of the laryngeal prominence
lateral malleolar subcutaneous b. lateral malleolar b., the b. between the lateral malleolus and the skin.b. subcutanea malleoli lateralis [NA], lateral malleolus b., subcutaneous b. of lateral malleolus;
lateral malleolus b. lateral malleolar subcutaneous b
b. of latiss´imus dor´si a constant b. between the tendons of the teres major and the latissimus dorsi near their intersections.b. subtendinea musculi latissimus dorsi [NA];
Luschka's b. pharyngeal b
medial malleolar subcutaneous b. the b. between the medial malleolus and the skin.b. subcutanea malleoli medialis [NA], subcutaneous b. of medial malleolus;
b. of Monro intratendinous b. of elbow
b. muco´sa synovial b
b. mus´culi bicip´itis fem´oris supe´rior [NA] superior b. of biceps femoris
b. mus´culi coracobrachia´lis [NA] coracobrachial b
b. mus´culi extenso´ris car´pi radia´lis bre´vis [NA] b. of extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle
b. mus´culi pirifor´mis [NA] b. of the piriformis muscle
b. mus´culi semimembrano´si [NA] b. of semimembranosus muscle
b. mus´culi tenso´ris ve´li palati´ni [NA] b. of tensor veli palatini muscle
b. of ob´turator inter´nus 1. the large, constant b. between the obturator internus tendon and the lesser sciatic notch;b. ischiadica musculi obturatoris interni [NA]; 2. the b. between the tendon of the obturator internus muscle and the capsule of the hip joint.b. subtendinea musculi obturatoris interni [NA];
b. of olecranon subcutaneous olecranon b
omental b. an isolated portion of the peritoneal cavity lying dorsal to the stomach and extending craniad to the liver and diaphragm and caudad into the greater omentum; it opens into the general peritoneal cavity at the epiploic foramen.b. omentalis [NA], lesser peritoneal cavity, lesser peritoneal sac, omental sac;
b. omenta´lis [NA] omental b
ovarian b. the peritoneal recess between the medial aspect of the ovary and the mesosalpinx.b. ovarica;
b. ovar´ica ovarian b
b. pharynge´a [NA] pharyngeal b
pharyngeal b. a cystic notochordal remnant found inconstantly in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx at the lower end of the pharyngeal tonsil.b. pharyngea [NA], Luschka's b., Tornwaldt's cyst;
b. of the piriformis muscle a small b. located between the tendons of the piriformis and superior gemellus and the femur.b. musculi piriformis [NA];
b. of popliteus subpopliteal recess
prepatellar b. a b. between the skin and the lower part of the patella.b. subcutanea prepatellaris [NA];
b. quadra´ti fem´oris between the anterior aspect of the quadratus femoris muscle and the lesser trochanter of the femur.
radial b. tendon sheath of flexor pollicis longus muscle
retrohyoid b. a b. between the posterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone and the thyrohyoid membrane.b. retrohyoidea [NA], Boyer's b., b. of hyoid, subhyoid b;
b. retrohyoi´dea [NA] retrohyoid b
rider's b. an adventitious b. on the inner side of the knee caused by horseback riding.
sartorius bursae bursae, sometimes separate from the anserine b., located between the tendons of the sartorius, semitendinosus, and gracilis muscles.bursae subtendineae musculi sartorii [NA];
b. of semimembranosus muscle it lies between the muscle, the head of the gastrocnemius, and the knee joint.b. musculi semimembranosi [NA], Brodie's b. (2);
subacromial b. between the acromion and the capsule of the shoulder joint.b. subacromialis [NA];
b. subacromia´lis [NA] subacromial b
subcoracoid b. coracobrachial b
b. subcuta´nea acromia´lis [NA] subcutaneous acromial b
b. subcuta´nea calca´nea [NA] subcutaneous calcaneal b
b. subcuta´nea infrapatella´ris [NA] subcutaneous infrapatellar b
b. subcuta´nea malle´oli latera´lis [NA] lateral malleolar subcutaneous b
b. subcuta´nea malle´oli media´lis [NA] medial malleolar subcutaneous b
b. subcuta´nea ole´crani [NA] subcutaneous olecranon b
b. subcuta´nea prepatella´ris [NA] prepatellar b
b. subcuta´nea prominen´tiae laryn´geae [NA] subcutaneous b. of the laryngeal prominence
b. subcuta´nea trochanter´ica [NA] trochanteric b. (1)
b. subcuta´nea tuberosita´tis tib´iae [NA] subcutaneous b. of tibial tuberosity
subcutaneous acromial b. the b. between the acromion and the skin.b. subcutanea acromialis [NA], b. of acromion;
subcutaneous calcaneal b. a b. between the skin and the posterior surface of the calcaneus.b. subcutanea calcanea [NA];
subcutaneous infrapatellar b. a b. between the patellar ligament and the skin.b. subcutanea infrapatellaris [NA];
subcutaneous b. of the laryngeal prominence the b. located between the junction of the laminae of the thyroid cartilage and the skin.b. subcutanea prominentiae laryngeae [NA], laryngeal b;
subcutaneous b. of lateral malleolus lateral malleolar subcutaneous b
subcutaneous b. of medial malleolus medial malleolar subcutaneous b
subcutaneous olecranon b. b. between the olecranon process of the ulna and the skin.b. subcutanea olecrani [NA], b. of olecranon;
subcutaneous b. of tibial tuberosity the b. located superficial to the tibial tuberosity, either subcutaneous or subfascial.b. subcutanea tuberositatis tibiae [NA];
subdeltoid b. the b. between the deltoid muscle and the capsule of the shoulder joint. It may be combined with the subacromial b.b. subdeltoidea [NA];
b. subdeltoid´ea [NA] subdeltoid b
b. subfascia´lis prepatella´ris [NA] subfascial prepatellar b
subfascial prepatellar b. a b. between the fascia lata and the quadriceps tendon anterior to the patella.b. subfascialis prepatellaris [NA];
subhyoid b. retrohyoid b
sublingual b. an inconstant serous b. at the level of the frenulum linguae, between the surface of the genioglossus muscle and the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.b. sublingualis, Fleischmann's b;
b. sublingua´lis sublingual b
subscapular b. b. between the tendon of the subscapularis muscle and the neck of the scapula; it communicates with the shoulder joint.b. subtendinea musculi subscapularis [NA];
b. subtendin´eae mus´culi gastrocne´mii [NA] subtendinous b. of gastrocnemius muscle
bursae subtendin´eae mus´culi sarto´rii [NA] sartorius bursae
b. subtendin´ea ili´aca [NA] subtendinous iliac b
b. subtendin´ea mus´culi bicip´itis fem´oris infe´rior [NA] inferior b. of biceps femoris
b. subtendin´ea mus´culi infraspinat´i [NA] infraspinatus b
b. subtendin´ea mus´culi latis´simus dor´si [NA] b. of latissimus dorsi
b. subtendin´ea mus´culi obturatoris inter´ni [NA] b. of obturator internus (2)
b. subtendin´ea mus´culi subscapula´ris [NA] subscapular b
b. subtendin´ea mus´culi tere´tis majo´ris [NA] b. of teres major
b. subtendin´ea mus´culi tibia´lis anterio´ris [NA] subtendinous b. of the tibialis anterior muscle
b. subtendin´ea mus´culi trape´zii [NA] b. of trapezius
b. subtendin´ea mus´culi tricip´itus bra´chii [NA] triceps b
b. subtendin´ea prepatella´ris [NA] subtendinous prepatellar b
subtendinous b. of gastrocnemius muscle consists of a lateral and a medial (Brodie's b. (1)) b. between the heads of the gastrocnemius and capsule of the knee joint.b. subtendineae musculi gastrocnemii [NA], b. of gastrocnemius;
subtendinous iliac b. the b. at the attachment of the iliopsoas muscle into the lesser trochanter.b. subtendinea iliaca [NA], iliac b;
subtendinous prepatellar b. a b. between the tendon of the quadriceps and the patella.b. subtendinea prepatellaris [NA];
subtendinous b. of the tibialis anterior muscle the small b. between the medial surface of the medial cuneiform bone and the tendon of the tibialis anterior.b. subtendinea musculi tibialis anterioris [NA], anterior tibial b;
superior b. of biceps femoris a b. frequently found between the tendon of the long head of the biceps femoris and the ischial tuberosity and the tendon of the semimembranosus.b. musculi bicipitis femoris superior [NA];
suprapatellar b. a large b. between the lower part of the femur and the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. It usually communicates with the cavity of the knee joint.b. suprapatellaris [NA];
b. suprapatella´ris [NA] suprapatellar b
synovial b. a sac containing synovial fluid which occurs at sites of friction, as between a tendon and a bone over which it plays, or subcutaneously over a bony prominence. The NA lists the following types: subcutaneous synovial b., b. synovialis subcutanea [NA]; submuscular synovial b., b. synovialis submuscularis [NA]; subfascial synovial b., b. synovialis subfascialis [NA]; and subtendinous synovial b., b. synovialis subtendinea [NA].b. synovialis [NA], b. mucosa;
b. synovia´lis [NA] synovial b
synovial trochlear b. tendon sheath of superior oblique muscle
b. ten´dinis calca´nei [NA] b. of tendo calcaneus
b. of tendo calca´neus b. between the tendo calcaneus and the upper part of the posterior surface of the calcaneum.b. tendinis calcanei [NA], b. achillis [NA], Achilles b;
b. of tensor veli palatini muscle a small b. located where the tendon of the tensor passes around the pterygoid hamulus.b. musculi tensoris veli palatini [NA];
b. of teres major b. under the tendon of the teres major near its attachment.b. subtendinea musculi teretis majoris [NA];
tibial intertendinous b. anserine b
b. of trapezius a b. between the tendon of the trapezius muscle and the medial end of the scapular spine.b. subtendinea musculi trapezii [NA];
triceps b. the b. located deep to the tendon of the triceps brachii near its insertion on the olecranon.b. subtendinea musculi tricipitus brachii [NA];
trochanteric b. 1. the b. between the greater trochanter of the femur and the skin;b. subcutanea trochanterica [NA]; 2. a multilocular b. between the gluteus maximus muscle and the greater trochanter of the femur.b. trochanterica musculi glutei maximi [NA];
bur´sae trochanter´icae mus´culi glu´tei me´dii [NA] gluteus medius bursae
b. trochanter´ica mus´culi glu´tei max´imi [NA] trochanteric b. (2)
b. trochanter´ica mus´culi glu´tei min´imi [NA] gluteus minimus b
trochlear synovial b. tendon sheath of superior oblique muscle
ulnar b. common flexor sheath

bursal bursal (ber´sal)

Relating to a bursa.

bursectomy bursectomy (ber-sek´to-me)

Surgical removal of a bursa. [bursa + G. ektome, excision]

bursitis bursitis (ber-sI´tis)

Inflammation of a bursa.bursal synovitis;
anserine b. inflammation of the anserine bursa lying between the pes anserinus and the upper medial surface of the tibia.
bicipital b. intertubercular b
calcaneal b. inflammation of one of the bursae related to the tuber calcanei, usually a result of trauma to the subcutaneous bursa; occurs most frequently in the horse.capped hock;
intertubercular b. inflammation of the intertubercular bursa of the biceps brachii muscle of the shoulder of the horse, usually the result of trauma.bicipital b., shoulder b;
olecranon b. inflammation of the olecranon bursa.
prepatellar b. housemaid's knee
shoulder b. intertubercular b
subacromial b. may be coalesced with subdeltoid b.Duplay's disease;
subdeltoid b. may be coalesced with subacromial b.
trochanteric b. inflammation of one of the trochanteric bursae of the horse, and a common cause of hip lameness.

bursolith bursolith (ber´so-lith)

A calculus formed in a bursa. [bursa + G. lithos, stone]

bursopathy bursopathy (ber-sop´a-the)

Any disease of a bursa.

bursotomy bursotomy (ber-sot´o-me)

Incision through the wall of a bursa. [bursa + G. tome, a cutting]

burst burst (berst)

A sudden increase in activity.
respiratory b. the marked increase in metabolic activity that occurs in a phagocyte following ingestion of particles resulting in an increase in oxygen consumption, formation of superoxide anion, formation of hydrogen peroxide, and activation of the hexose monophosphate shunt.
b. size the number of phages produced by an infected cell.

bursula bursula (ber´su-la)

A small pouch or bag. [Mod. L. dim. of Mediev. L. bursa, purse]
b. tes´tium archaic term for scrotum.

Burton Burton

Henry, English physician, 1799-1849. See B.'s line.

Bury Bury

Judson S., English dermatologist, 1852-1944. See B.'s disease.

Buschke Buschke

Abraham, German dermatologist, 1868-1943. See B.'s disease; Busse-B. disease; B.-Löwenstein tumor; B.-Ollendorf syndrome.

buspirone hydrochloride buspirone hydrochloride (byu-spI´ron)

N-[4-[4-(2-Pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-hydrochloride;a non-benzodiazepine antianxiety agent used in the management of anxiety disorders or for short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety.

Busquet Busquet

G. Paul, French physician, *1866. See B.'s disease.

Buss Buss

Surname of the man on whose farm the disease was first diagnosed. See Buss disease.

Busse Busse

Otto, German physician, 1867-1922. See B.-Buschke disease.

busulfan busulfan , busulphan (byu-sul´fan)

CH₃O₂SO(CH₂)₄OSO₂CH₃; 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate; tetramethylene bis(methanesulfonate);an antineoplastic alkylating agent used in the treatment of chronic myelocytic leukemia; known to be teratogenic in humans.

butabarbital butabarbital (byu-ta-bar´bi-tawl)

5-sec-Butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid;a sedative and hypnotic with intermediate duration of action; available as b. sodium, with same usages.

butacaine sulfate butacaine sulfate (byu´ta-kan)

3-(Dibutylamino)-1-propanol p-aminobenzoate sulfate;a local anesthetic.

butalbital butalbital (byu-tal´bi-tawl)

5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid;a barbiturate of intermediate duration of action; a sedative and hypnotic.allylbarbital;

butamben butamben (byu-tam´ben)

butyl aminobenzoate

butane butane (byu´tan)

C₄H₁₀;a gaseous hydrocarbon present in natural gas; two isomers are known, both of which are anesthetically active. n-Butane is CH₃(CH₂)₂CH₃ and isobutane is CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₃ (or 2-methylpropane).

butanoic acid butanoic acid (byu-ta-no´ik)

Systematic name for normal n-butyric acid.

butanol butanol (byu´ta-nol)

Preferred chemical name for n-butyl alcohol.

butanoyl butanoyl (byu´tan-o-il)

CH₃(CH₂)₂ COO^-;the radical of butanoic acid.butyryl;

butaperazine butaperazine (byu-ta-per´a-zen)

1-{10-[3-(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl]-phenothiazin-2-yl}-1-butanone;an antipsychotic.

butaverine butaverine (byu-tav´er-en)

Butyl ester of beta-phenyl-1-piperidinepropionic acid;an antispasmodic (as hydrochloride).

butethal butethal (byu´te-thawl)

5-Butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid;a sedative and hypnotic.

butethamate butethamate (byu-teth´a-mat)

2-Phenylbutyric acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester;an intestinal antispasmodic agent.

butethamine hydrochloride butethamine hydrochloride (byu-teth´a-men)

2-(Isobutylamino)ethyl-p-amino benzoate;a local anesthetic.

buthiazide buthiazide (byu-thI´a-zId)

6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-isobutyl-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide;has diuretic and antihypertensive actions.thiabutazide;

butoconazole nitrate butoconazole nitrate (byu-to-ko´na-zol)

C₁₉H₁₇Cl₃N₂S. HNO₃;an antifungal agent used primarily in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

butopyronoxyl butopyronoxyl (byu´to-pI-ro-nok´sil)

Butyl mesityl oxide oxalate;an insect repellent, effective against the biting stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans)

butorphanol tartrate butorphanol tartrate (byu-tor´fa-nol)

(-)-17-(Cyclobutylmethyl)morphinan-3,14-diol tartrate;a potent mixed agonist/antagonist narcotic analgesic agent.

butoxamine hydrochloride butoxamine hydrochloride (byu-tok´sa-men)

a-[1-(tert-Butylamino)ethyl]-2,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol hydrochloride;an antilipemic agent.

t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC, t-BOC, Boc) t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC, t-BOC, Boc) (byu-toks-e-kar´bon-il)

(CH₃)₃COCO-;an amino-protecting group used in peptide synthesis.tert-butyloxycarbonyl;

butriptyline hydrochloride butriptyline hydrochloride (byu-trip´tI-len)

dl-10,11-Dihydro-N,N,beta-trimethyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-propylamine;an antidepressant.

butt butt (but)

1. To bring any two square-ended surfaces in contact so as to form a joint. 2. In dentistry, to place a restoration directly against the tissues covering the alveolar ridge.

butter butter (but´er)

1. A coherent mass of milk fat, obtained by churning or shaking cream until the separate fat globules run together, leaving a liquid residue, buttermilk. 2. A soft solid having more or less the consistency of b. [L. butyrum, G. boutyros, prob. fr. bous, cow, + tyros, cheese]
b. of antimony a concentrated acid solution of antimony trichloride.
b. of bismuth bismuth trichloride
cacao b. , cocoa b. theobroma oil See also cacao.
b. of tin stannic chloride pentahydrate, SnCl₄. 5H₂O.
b. of zinc zinc chloride

butterfly butterfly (but´er-flI)

1. Any structure or apparatus resembling in shape a butterfly with outstretched wings. 2. A scaling erythematous lesion on each cheek, joined by a narrow band across the nose; seen in lupus erythematosus and seborrheic dermatitis.butterfly eruption, butterfly patch, butterfly rash;

buttermilk buttermilk

The fluid containing casein and lactic acid, left after the process of making butter.

butter yellow butter yellow [C.I. 11160]

C₆H₅N:NC₆H₄N(CH₃)₂;a fat-soluble yellow dye (MW 225) that has hepatic carcinogenic action in experimental animals; used as an indicator of pH (red, at pH 2.9, yellow at pH 4.0).dimethylaminoazobenzene, methyl yellow;

buttocks buttocks (but´oks)

The buttocks; the prominence formed by the gluteal muscles on either side.clunes [NA], nates [NA], breech;

button button (but´on)

A structure, lesion, or device of knob shape. [M.E., fr. O.Fr. bouton, fr. bouter, to thrust, fr. Germanic]
Amboyna b. yaws [Amboyna, one of the Spice Islands in the Malay Archipelago]
Biskra b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Murphy's b. an obsolete appliance formerly used for intestinal anastomosis; it consists of two hollow cylinders, one of which is sutured into each open end of the intestine; the two are then joined and fasten automatically, maintaining the two ends of intestine in apposition by their serous surfaces; after firm union has occurred the cylinders slough away and are passed in the stools.
Oriental b. the lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
peritoneal b. a device used to drain ascitic fluid to subcutaneous space.

buttonhole buttonhole (but´on-hol)

1. A short straight cut made through the wall of a cavity or canal. 2. The contraction of an orifice down to a narrow slit; i.e., the so-called mitral b. in extreme mitral stenosis. See buttonhole stenosis.

butyl butyl (byu´til)

CH₃(CH₂)₃-;a radical of n-butane.
b. alcohol C₄H₉OH;several isomeric forms are known: primary b. alcohol , propylcarbinol, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH, the butyl alcohol of fermentation; isobutyl alcohol, isopropylcarbinol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, (CH₃)₂CHCH₂OH; narcotic in high concentrations; secondary b. alcohol , ethylmethylcarbinol, 2-butanol, CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)OH; and tertiary b. alcohol , trimethylcarbinol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, (CH₃)₃COH, a denaturant for ethanol.
b. aminobenzoate n-butyl p-aminobenzoate;a local anesthetic, very insoluble and only slightly absorbed.butamben;

butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (bu-tI-lat´ed hI´drok-se-an´I-sol)

Exhibits antioxidant properties; often used with butylated hydroxytoluene propyl gallate, hydroquinone, methionine, lecithin, thiodipropionic acid, etc. Used as an antioxidant, especially in foods.

butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Antioxidant for food, animal feed, petroleum products, synthetic rubbers, plastics, animal and vegetable oils, soap; also an antiskinning agent in paints and inks.

tert-butyloxycarbonyl (tBoc) tert-butyloxycarbonyl (tBoc) (byu´til-oks´e-kar´bon-il)

t-butoxycarbonyl

butylparaben butylparaben (byu-til-par´a-ben)

Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate;an antifungal preservative.

butyraceous butyraceous (byu-tir-a´shI-us)

Buttery in consistency.

butyrate butyrate (byu´ti-rat)

A salt or ester of butyric acid.

butyrate-CoA ligase butyrate-CoA ligase

Fatty acid thiokinase (medium chain), a ligase forming acyl-CoA's from medium-chain fatty acids and CoA with the conversion of ATP to AMP and PP_i. A key step in activation of fatty acids.acyl-activating enzyme (2), butyryl-CoA synthetase, octanoyl-CoA synthetase;

butyric butyric (byu-tir´ik)

Relating to butter.

butyric acid butyric acid (byu-tir´ik)

An acid of unpleasant odor occurring in butter, cod liver oil, sweat, and many other substances. It exists in two forms: normal b.a. (also written as n-butyric acid), butanoic acid, CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH, which occurs in combination with glycerol in cow's butter; and isobutyric acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, (CH₃)₂CHCOOH, one of the intermediates in valine catabolism, found in combination with glycerol in croton oil and elsewhere.

gamma-butyrobetaine gamma-butyrobetaine (byu-tir´o-be-tan)

gamma-(Trimethylammonium) butyric acid;a betaine of gamma-aminobutyric acid; a precursor of carnitine by hydroxylation of the beta-carbon.

butyrocholinesterase butyrocholinesterase (byu´tir-o-ko-lin-es´ter-as)

cholinesterase

butyroid butyroid (byu´ti-royd)

1. Buttery. 2. Resembling butter.

butyrometer butyrometer (byu-ti-rom´e-ter)

An instrument for determining the amount of butterfat in milk. [G. boutyron, butter, + metron, measure]

butyrophenone butyrophenone (byu´tir-o-fe´non)

One of a group of derivatives of 4-phenylbutylamine that have neuroleptic activity; e.g., haloperidol.

butyrous butyrous (byu´ti-rus)

Denoting a tissue or bacterial growth of butter-like consistency.

butyryl butyryl (byu´ti-ril)

butanoyl

butyrylcholine esterase butyrylcholine esterase (byu´ti-ril-ko´len es´ter-as)

cholinesterase

butyryl-CoA butyryl-CoA

CH₃CH₂CH₂COSCoA;condensation product of coenzyme A and n-butanoic acid; an intermediate in fatty acid degradation and in biosynthesis.
b.-C. synthetase butyrate-CoA ligase

Buzzard Buzzard

Thomas, English physician, 1831-1919. See B.'s maneuver.

Buzzi Buzzi

Fausto, coworker of Ernst Schweninger. See Schweninger-B. anetoderma.

Byler disease Byler disease

See under disease.

bypass bypass (bI´pas)

1. A shunt or auxiliary flow. 2. To create new flow from one structure to another through a diversionary channel. See also shunt.
aortocoronary b. coronary b
aortoiliac b. an operation in which a vascular prosthesis is united with the aorta and iliac artery to relieve obstruction of the lower abdominal aorta, its bifurcation, and the proximal iliac branches.
aortorenal b. insertion of a graft of autogenous artery, saphenous vein, or synthetic material between the aorta and the distal renal artery, to circumvent an obstruction of the renal artery.
bowel b. jejunoileal b
cardiopulmonary b. diversion of the blood flow returning to the heart through a pump oxygenator (heart-lung machine) and then returning it to the arterial side of the circulation; used in operations upon the heart to maintain extracorporeal circulation.
coronary b. vein grafts or other conduits shunting blood from the aorta to branches of the coronary arteries, to increase the flow beyond the local obstruction.aortocoronary b;
extraanatomic b. a vascular b. that does not conform to the preexisting anatomy.
extracranial-intracranial b. a vascular shunt created by the anastomosis of an extracranial vessel to an intracranial vessel, usually, the superficial temporal artery to a cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery.
femoropopliteal b. a vascular prosthesis that bypasses an obstruction in the femoral artery; may be synthetic material, autologous tissue, or heterologous tissue.
gastric b. high division of the stomach, anastomosis of the small upper pouch of the stomach to the jejunum, and closure of the distal part of the stomach that is retained; used for treatment of morbid obesity.Mason operation;
jejunoileal b. anastomosis of the upper jejunum to the terminal ileum for treatment of morbid obesity.bowel b., jejunoileal shunt;
left heart b. any procedure that shunts blood returning from the pulmonary circulation to the systemic circulation without passing through the left heart. This is utilized during some cardiac surgery and experimentally during severe left heart failure or cardiogenic shock.
partial ileal b. division of the small intestine approximately at the junction of the middle and lower one-third, closure of the distal end, and anastomosis of the proximal end to the cecum.
right heart b. introduction of a circuit shunting blood from the venae cavae around the right atrium and ventricle and directly into the pulmonary artery.

byssinosis byssinosis (bis-i-no´sis)

Obstructive airway disease in people who work with unprocessed cotton, flax, or hemp; caused by reaction to material in the dust and thought to include endotoxin from bacterial contamination. Sometimes called "monday morning asthma" since patients improve when away from work on the weekend.cotton-dust asthma, cotton-mill fever, mill fever; [G. byssos, flax, + -osis, condition]

byte byte

A group of adjacent bits, commonly 4, 6 or 8, operating as a unit for the storage and manipulation of data in a computer.